nūhou

Ma hope paha o ke kānāwai o Ohm, ʻo ka lua o ke kānāwai kaulana loa i ka uila ʻo ke kānāwai ʻo Moore: ʻO ka helu o nā transistors hiki ke hana ʻia ma kahi kaapuni hoʻohui ʻia e pālua i kēlā me kēia ʻelua makahiki a i ʻole.Ma muli o ka like ʻole o ka nui kino o ka chip, ʻo ia ka mea e liʻiliʻi nā transistors pākahi i ka manawa.Ua hoʻomaka mākou e manaʻo i kahi hanauna hou o nā chips me nā hiʻohiʻona liʻiliʻi e ʻike ʻia i ka wikiwiki maʻamau, akā he aha ke kumu o ka liʻiliʻi ʻana i nā mea?ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka liʻiliʻi?
I ke kenekulia i hala, ua holomua nui ka ʻenehana uila.I nā makahiki 1920, ʻo nā lekiō AM kiʻekiʻe loa i loaʻa i kekahi mau paipu māmā, kekahi mau inductors nui, capacitors a me nā mea pale, mau mika o nā uea i hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā antennas, a me kahi pūʻulu nui o nā pihi e mana i ka hāmeʻa holoʻokoʻa.I kēia lā, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻolohe i nā lawelawe streaming mele ʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi kaukani ma ka hāmeʻa i loko o kāu ʻeke, a hiki iā ʻoe ke hana hou aku.Akā ʻaʻole wale ka miniaturization no ka portability: pono loa ia e hoʻokō i ka hana a mākou e manaʻo ai mai kā mākou mau polokalamu i kēia lā.
ʻO kahi pōmaikaʻi o nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi ʻo ia ka mea e ʻae iā ʻoe e hoʻohui i nā hana hou aʻe i ka leo like.He mea koʻikoʻi kēia no nā kaapuni kikohoʻe: ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke hana i nā hana hou aʻe i ka manawa like.No ka laʻana, ma ke kumumanaʻo, ʻo ka nui o ka ʻike i hana ʻia e kahi kaʻina hana 64-bit he ʻewalu mau manawa o ka CPU 8-bit e holo ana i ka manawa like.Akā ʻo ia ka mea e koi ai i ʻewalu mau ʻāpana: nā papa inoa, nā mea hoʻohui, nā kaʻa kaʻa, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe ʻewalu mau manawa ka nui.No laila, pono ʻoe i kahi puʻupuʻu ʻewalu mau manawa ʻoi aku ka nui, a i ʻole pono ʻoe i kahi transistor ʻewalu mau manawa liʻiliʻi.
Pēlā nō ia no nā pahu hoʻomanaʻo: Ma ka hana ʻana i nā transistors liʻiliʻi, ʻoi aku ka nui o kāu wahi e waiho ai i ka leo like.Hana ʻia nā pika i ka hapa nui o nā hōʻike i kēia lā i nā transistors kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi, no laila he mea kūpono ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa iā lākou i lalo a loaʻa i nā hoʻonā kiʻekiʻe.Eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka transistor, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, a aia kekahi kumu koʻikoʻi: ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kā lākou hana.Akā no ke aha pololei?
I kēlā me kēia manawa e hana ai ʻoe i kahi transistor, hāʻawi ia i kekahi mau ʻāpana hou no ka manuahi.Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia pahu kahi pale i ka moʻo.ʻO kēlā me kēia mea e lawe ana i kēia manawa, loaʻa iā ia ka hoʻokomo ponoʻī.ʻO ka hope, aia kahi capacitance ma waena o nā conductors ʻelua e kū pono ana kekahi i kekahi.Pau kēia mau hopena i ka mana a hoʻolohi i ka wikiwiki o ka transistor.He pilikia loa nā capacitances parasitic: pono e hoʻopiʻi a hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā transistors i kēlā me kēia manawa i hoʻohuli ʻia a i ʻole, e koi ana i ka manawa a me ka manawa mai ka lako mana.
ʻO ka capacitance ma waena o ʻelua conductors kahi hana o ko lākou nui kino: ʻo ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ʻo ia ka capacitance liʻiliʻi.A no ka mea, ʻo nā capacitor liʻiliʻi ke ʻano o ka wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe a me ka mana haʻahaʻa, hiki i nā transistors liʻiliʻi ke holo i nā alapine uaki kiʻekiʻe a hoʻopau i ka wela liʻiliʻi i ka hana ʻana pēlā.
Ke emi nei ʻoe i ka nui o nā transistors, ʻaʻole ʻo ka capacitance wale nō ka hopena e hoʻololi ai: he nui nā hopena mechanical quantum ʻē aʻe i ʻike ʻole ʻia no nā mea nui.Eia nō naʻe, ma ka ʻōlelo maʻamau, ʻo ka hoʻoemi ʻana i nā transistors e wikiwiki lākou.Akā ʻoi aku nā huahana uila ma mua o nā transistors.Ke hōʻemi ʻoe i nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe, pehea lākou e hana ai?
ʻO ka ʻōlelo maʻamau, ʻaʻole e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mea passive e like me nā resistors, capacitors, a me nā inductors i ka wā e liʻiliʻi ai lākou: ma nā ʻano he nui, e ʻoi aku ka ʻino.No laila, ʻo ka miniaturization o kēia mau ʻāpana ka mea nui e hiki ke hoʻopaʻa iā lākou i kahi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, a laila e mālama ai i kahi PCB.
Hiki ke hoemi ia ka nui o ka resistor me ka nui ole o ka poho.Hāʻawi ʻia ke kūʻē o kahi ʻāpana mea e, kahi l ka lōʻihi, ʻo A ka ʻāpana keʻa, a ʻo ρ ka pale ʻana o ka mea.Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka lōʻihi a me ka ʻāpana keʻa, a hoʻopau i kahi resistor liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, akā e loaʻa mau ana ka pale like.ʻO ka hemahema wale nō, ʻo ia ke hoʻopau ʻana i ka mana like, ʻoi aku ka wela o nā mea pale liʻiliʻi ma ke kino ma mua o nā resistors nui.No laila, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā resistors liʻiliʻi i nā kaapuni haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.Hōʻike kēia papa i ka emi ʻana o ka mana kiʻekiʻe o nā pale pale SMD i ka emi ʻana o ko lākou nui.
I kēia lā, ʻo ka mea pale liʻiliʻi loa āu e kūʻai ai ʻo ka metric 03015 nui (0.3 mm x 0.15 mm).ʻO ko lākou mana helu he 20 mW wale nō a hoʻohana wale ʻia no nā kaapuni e hoʻopau i ka mana liʻiliʻi a ua kaupalena ʻia ka nui.Ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia kahi pūʻolo metric 0201 liʻiliʻi (0.2 mm x 0.1 mm), akā ʻaʻole i hoʻokomo ʻia i ka hana.Akā inā ʻike ʻia lākou ma ka papa inoa o ka mea hana, mai manaʻo ʻoe aia lākou ma nā wahi āpau: ʻaʻole lawa ka nui o nā robots koho a hoʻonoho iā lākou, no laila he mau huahana niche lākou.
Hiki ke hoʻemi ʻia nā Capacitors, akā e hōʻemi kēia i kā lākou capacitance.ʻO ke kumu no ka helu ʻana i ka capacitance o kahi capacitor shunt, kahi ʻo A ka ʻāpana o ka papa, d ka mamao ma waena o lākou, a ʻo ε ka dielectric mau (ka waiwai o ka mea waena).Inā liʻiliʻi ʻia ka capacitor (ma ke ʻano he papa pālahalaha), pono e hoʻemi ʻia ka wahi, a laila e hōʻemi i ka capacitance.Inā makemake ʻoe e hoʻopaʻa i ka nafara he nui i loko o kahi leo liʻiliʻi, ʻo ka koho wale nō e hoʻopaʻa i kekahi mau papa.Ma muli o ka holomua ʻana o nā mea hana a me ka hana ʻana, ua hana ʻia nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni lahilahi (d liʻiliʻi) a me nā dielectrics kūikawā (me ka ε nui aʻe) hiki, ua emi nui ka nui o nā capacitors i nā makahiki i hala.
ʻO ka capacitor liʻiliʻi loa i loaʻa i kēia lā i loko o kahi pūʻolo metric ultra-liʻiliʻi 0201: 0.25 mm x 0.125 mm wale nō.Ua kaupalena ʻia ko lākou capacitance i ka 100 nF pono mau, a ʻo ka volta hana kiʻekiʻe loa he 6.3 V. Eia kekahi, liʻiliʻi loa kēia mau pūʻolo a koi i nā mea hana kiʻekiʻe e mālama iā lākou, e kaupalena ana i kā lākou hoʻohana ākea ʻana.
No nā mea hoʻokomo, paʻakikī iki ka moʻolelo.Hāʻawi ʻia ka inductance o kahi wili pololei, kahi N ka helu o nā huli, ʻo A ka ʻāpana cross-sectional o ka coil, l kona lōʻihi, a ʻo μ ka mea mau (permeability).Inā ho'ēmiʻia nā ana a pau e ka hapalua, e hoʻemiʻia ka inductance e ka hapalua.Eia naʻe, ua mau ke kūʻē o ka uea: ʻo ia ke kumu o ka hoʻemi ʻana o ka lōʻihi a me ke keʻa o ka uea i ka hapaha o kona kumu waiwai.'O ia ho'i, e ho'opau 'oe i ke kū'ē like 'ana i ka hapalua o ka inductance, no laila e ho'oka'awale 'oe i ka helu (Q) o ka coil.
Hoʻohana ʻia ka inductor discrete liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi loa i ka nui ʻīniha 01005 (0.4 mm x 0.2 mm).ʻO kēia ke kiʻekiʻe e like me 56 nH a loaʻa i kahi kūʻē o kekahi mau ohms.Ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā inductors i kahi pūʻolo ultra-liʻiliʻi metric 0201 i ka makahiki 2014, akā ʻike ʻia ʻaʻole lākou i hoʻolauna ʻia i ka mākeke.
Ua hoʻoholo ʻia nā palena kino o nā inductors ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mea i kapa ʻia ʻo dynamic inductance, hiki ke ʻike ʻia i nā coils i hana ʻia me ka graphene.Akā naʻe, inā hiki ke hana ʻia ma ke ʻano ʻoihana kūʻai, hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia e 50%.ʻO ka hope, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻonui maikaʻi ʻia ka coil.Eia naʻe, inā e hana ana kāu kaapuni i nā alapine kiʻekiʻe, ʻaʻole ia he pilikia.Inā aia kāu hōʻailona ma ka laulā GHz, ua lawa nā nH coils.
Lawe kēia iā mākou i kahi mea ʻē aʻe i liʻiliʻi ʻia i ke kenekulia i hala akā ʻaʻole paha ʻoe e ʻike koke: ka lōʻihi o ka nalu a mākou e hoʻohana ai no ke kamaʻilio.Ua hoʻohana nā hoʻolaha lekiō mua i kahi alapine hawewe AM ma kahi o 1 MHz me ka lōʻihi o ka nalu ma kahi o 300 mika.Ua kaulana ka hui alapine FM ma 100 MHz a i ʻole 3 mika a puni ka makahiki 1960, a i kēia lā ke hoʻohana nui nei mākou i nā kamaʻilio 4G ma kahi o 1 a i ʻole 2 GHz (ma kahi o 20 cm).ʻO nā alapine kiʻekiʻe ke ʻano o ka hiki ke hoʻouna ʻike.Ma muli o ka miniaturization i loaʻa iā mākou nā lekiō haʻahaʻa, hilinaʻi a mālama i ka ikehu e hana ana ma kēia mau alapine.
Hiki i nā lōʻihi hawewe ke hōʻemi i nā antennas no ka mea pili pono ko lākou nui i ke alapine e pono ai lākou e hoʻouna a loaʻa paha.ʻAʻole pono nā kelepona paʻa i kēia lā i nā antenna e kū lōʻihi ana, mahalo i kā lākou kamaʻilio hoʻolaʻa ʻana ma nā alapine GHz, no ka mea pono e hoʻokahi kenimika ka lōʻihi o ka antenna.ʻO ia ke kumu e koi ai ka hapa nui o nā kelepona paʻa i nā mea hoʻokipa FM iā ʻoe e hoʻopili i nā pepeiao ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻana: pono ka lekiō e hoʻohana i ka uea o ka pepeiao ma ke ʻano he antenna i mea e loaʻa ai ka ikaika hōʻailona mai kēlā mau nalu lōʻihi hoʻokahi mika.
No nā kaapuni i pili i kā mākou miniature antennas, i ka wā liʻiliʻi, maʻalahi lākou e hana.ʻAʻole wale kēia no ka wikiwiki o nā transistors, akā no ka mea ʻaʻole pilikia hou nā hopena laina.I ka pōkole, ke ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o kahi uea i ka hapaʻumi o ka nalu, pono ʻoe e noʻonoʻo i ka neʻe ʻana o ka pae ma kona lōʻihi i ka wā e hoʻolālā ai i ke kaapuni.Ma 2.4 GHz, ʻo ia hoʻi, hoʻokahi wale nō kenimika o ka uea i hoʻopilikia i kāu kaapuni;inā ʻoe e hoʻohui pū i nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa, he maʻi poʻo, akā inā ʻoe e kau i ke kaapuni ma kahi mau millimeters square, ʻaʻole ia he pilikia.
ʻO ka wānana ʻana i ka pau ʻana o ke kānāwai ʻo Moore, a i ʻole ka hōʻike ʻana i ka hewa ʻole o kēia mau wānana, ua lilo ia i kumuhana mau i ka nūpepa ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana.ʻO ka mea ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo Intel, Samsung, a me TSMC, nā mea hoʻokūkū ʻekolu e mau nei ma ke alo o ka pāʻani, e hoʻomau i ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona hou aʻe i kēlā me kēia micrometer square, a hoʻolālā e hoʻolauna i kekahi mau hanauna o nā chips i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia i ka wā e hiki mai ana.ʻOiai ʻaʻole i like ka nui o ka holomua i hana ʻia ma kēlā me kēia pae e like me ʻelua mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ke hoʻomau nei ka miniaturization o nā transistors.
Eia nō naʻe, no nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa, ʻike mākou ua hōʻea mākou i kahi palena kūlohelohe: ʻo ka hoʻoemi ʻana iā lākou ʻaʻole ia e hoʻomaikaʻi i kā lākou hana, a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi i kēia manawa ma mua o ka nui o nā hihia hoʻohana.Me he mea lā ʻaʻohe kānāwai o Moore no nā mea ʻokoʻa, akā inā loaʻa ke kānāwai o Moore, makemake mākou e ʻike i ka nui o ka mea e hiki ai i ke kanaka ke hoʻokau i ka hoʻokūkū SMD soldering.
Ua makemake mau au e kiʻi i ke kiʻi o kahi pale PTH aʻu i hoʻohana ai i ka makahiki 1970, a kau i kahi pale SMD ma luna, e like me kaʻu e hoʻololi nei i loko / i waho i kēia manawa.ʻO kaʻu pahuhopu ka hana ʻana i koʻu mau kaikunāne a me nā kaikuahine (ʻaʻohe o lākou he huahana uila) i ka nui o ka loli, me ka hiki iaʻu ke ʻike i nā ʻāpana o kaʻu hana, (ʻoiai e ʻoi aku ka ʻino o koʻu mau maka, ke piʻi nei koʻu mau lima i ka haʻalulu).
Makemake au e ʻōlelo, ua hui pū a ʻaʻole paha.Ua inaina loa au i ka "hoʻomaikaʻi, e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi."I kekahi manawa, hana maikaʻi kāu hoʻolālā, akā ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa hou nā ʻāpana.He aha kēlā?.ʻO ka manaʻo maikaʻi kahi manaʻo maikaʻi, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka mālama ʻana e like me ia, ma mua o ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana me ke kumu ʻole.ʻO Gantt
"Ke mau nei ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo nā hui ʻekolu ʻo Intel, Samsung a me TSMC e hoʻokūkū mau ana i ka mua o kēia pāʻani, e ʻoki mau ana i nā hiʻohiʻona hou aku i kēlā me kēia micrometer square,"
Nui a pipiʻi nā mea uila.I ka makahiki 1971, he liʻiliʻi wale nō nā lekiō a ka ʻohana maʻamau, kahi stereo a me kahi TV.Ma ka makahiki 1976, ua puka mai nā kamepiula, nā helu helu, nā uaki kikohoʻe a me nā wati, he mau mea liʻiliʻi a maʻalahi no nā mea kūʻai.
ʻO kekahi mau miniaturization mai ka hoʻolālā.Hiki i nā amplifier hana ke hoʻohana i nā gyrators, hiki ke hoʻololi i nā inductors nui i kekahi mau hihia.Hoʻopau nā kānana ikaika i nā inductors.
Hoʻoikaika nā mea nui i nā mea ʻē aʻe: ka hoʻemi ʻana o ke kaapuni, ʻo ia hoʻi, e hoʻohana i nā mea liʻiliʻi loa e hana i ka hana kaapuni.I kēia lā, ʻaʻole mākou mālama nui.Pono e hoʻohuli i ka hōʻailona?E lawe i ka mea hoʻonui hana.Pono ʻoe i kahi mīkini mokuʻāina?E lawe i kahi mpu.etc. He li'ili'i maoli nā mea i kēia lā, akā he nui nā mea i loko.No laila, hoʻonui ka nui o kāu kaapuni a piʻi ka hoʻohana mana.ʻO kahi transistor i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻohuli i kahi hōʻailona e hoʻohana i ka mana liʻiliʻi e hoʻokō i ka hana like ma mua o kahi mea hoʻonui hana.Akā, eia hou, e mālama ka miniaturization i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mana.ʻO ia wale nō ka hele ʻana o ka hana hou ma kahi ʻano ʻokoʻa.
Ua poina maoli ʻoe i kekahi o nā pōmaikaʻi nui / kumu o ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka nui: hōʻemi ʻia nā parasitic package a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka mana (e like me ka counterintuitive).
Mai kahi hiʻohiʻona kūpono, i ka manawa e hiki ai ka nui hiʻona ma kahi o 0.25u, e hōʻea ʻoe i ka pae GHz, i ia manawa e hoʻomaka ai ka pūʻolo SOP nui e hana i ka hopena nui loa.ʻO nā uea hoʻopaʻa lōʻihi a me kēlā mau alakaʻi e pepehi iā ʻoe.
I kēia manawa, ua hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻia nā pūʻolo QFN/BGA ma ke ʻano o ka hana.Eia kekahi, ke kau ʻoe i ka pūʻolo palahalaha e like me kēia, e hoʻopau ʻoe me ka hana maikaʻi maikaʻi loa a me nā pads i hōʻike ʻia.
Eia kekahi, ʻo Intel, Samsung, a me TSMC e pāʻani i kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi, akā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ASML ma kēia papa inoa.ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole pili kēia i ka leo passive…
ʻAʻole ia e pili ana i ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā kumukūʻai silika ma o nā nodes kaʻina hana hou.ʻO nā mea ʻē aʻe, e like me nā ʻeke.Pono nā mea liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi a me ka wcsp a i ʻole ka liʻiliʻi.ʻO nā pūʻolo liʻiliʻi, nā PCB liʻiliʻi a i ʻole nā ​​modules, etc.
ʻIke pinepine au i kekahi mau huahana catalog, kahi wale nō ka mea hoʻokele ka hoʻemi ʻana i ke kumukūʻai.Ua like ka nui o MHz/memo, like ka hana SOC a me ka hoʻonohonoho pin.Hiki iā mākou ke hoʻohana i nā ʻenehana hou e hōʻemi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mana (ʻo ka mea maʻamau ʻaʻole manuahi kēia, no laila aia kekahi mau pono hoʻokūkū a nā mea kūʻai aku e mālama ai)
ʻO kekahi o nā mea maikaʻi o nā mea nui ka mea anti-radiation.ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o nā transistors liʻiliʻi i nā hopena o nā kukuna cosmic, i kēia kūlana koʻikoʻi.No ka laʻana, ma ke ākea a me nā mea nānā kiʻekiʻe.
ʻAʻole au i ʻike i ke kumu nui o ka hoʻonui wikiwiki.ʻO ka wikiwiki o ka hōʻailona ma kahi o 8 iniha no ka nanosecond.No laila, ma ka hoʻemi wale ʻana i ka nui, hiki i nā chips wikiwiki.
Makemake paha ʻoe e nānā i kāu makemakika ponoʻī ma ka helu ʻana i ka ʻokoʻa o ka lohi hoʻolaha ma muli o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ʻeke a me nā pōʻai hoʻemi (1/frequency).ʻO ia ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka lohi/manawa o nā ʻāpana.E ʻike ʻoe ʻaʻole ia i hōʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he kumu hoʻopuni.
Hoʻokahi mea aʻu e makemake ai e hoʻohui, ʻo ka nui o nā IC, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hoʻolālā kahiko a me nā ʻāpana analog, ʻaʻole i hoʻohaʻahaʻa maoli ʻia, ma ka liʻiliʻi loa.Ma muli o ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana automated, ua liʻiliʻi nā pūʻolo, akā ʻo ia no ka mea maʻamau ka nui o nā wahi i loko o nā pūʻolo DIP, ʻaʻole no ka liʻiliʻi o nā transistors a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
Ma waho aʻe o ka pilikia o ka hoʻokō pono ʻana i ka robot e mālama pono i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi i nā noi koho-a-wahi kiʻekiʻe, ʻo kekahi pilikia ʻē aʻe ka hilinaʻi ʻana i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi.ʻOi loa inā makemake ʻoe i nā ʻāpana nui ma muli o nā koi mana / mana.Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka paʻi solder kūikawā, nā kumu hoʻopalapala solder step special (e hoʻopili i kahi ʻāpana solder paste ma kahi e pono ai, akā e hāʻawi mau i ka nui o ka solder paste no nā ʻāpana nui) ua hoʻomaka ke kumukūʻai.No laila, manaʻo wau aia kahi pāpū, a ʻo ka miniaturization hou aʻe ma ka pae kaapuni he ala kumu kūʻai a hiki ke hiki.I kēia manawa, hiki iā ʻoe ke hana hou aku i ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka pae wafer silicon a hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka helu o nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa i ka liʻiliʻi loa.
E ʻike ʻoe i kēia ma kāu kelepona.Ma kahi o 1995, ua kūʻai au i kekahi mau kelepona paʻalima mua ma ke kūʻai hale kaʻa no kekahi mau kālā.ʻO ka hapa nui o nā IC ma loko o ka puka.ʻIke ʻia ka CPU a me NE570 compander, IC hiki ke hoʻohana hou ʻia.
A laila ua hoʻopau wau i kekahi mau kelepona paʻa lima hou.He liʻiliʻi loa nā ʻāpana a ʻaneʻane ʻaʻohe kamaʻāina.Ma kahi helu liʻiliʻi o nā IC, ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka density, akā ua ʻae ʻia kahi hoʻolālā hou (e ʻike iā SDR), kahi e hoʻopau ai i ka hapa nui o nā ʻāpana discrete i pono mua.
> (E noi i kahi liʻiliʻi o ka solder paste ma kahi e pono ai, akā e hāʻawi mau i ka nui o ka solder paste no nā mea nui)
ʻAe, ua noʻonoʻo wau i ka template "3D/Wave" e hoʻoponopono i kēia pilikia: ʻoi aku ka lahilahi ma kahi o nā mea liʻiliʻi loa, a ʻoi aku ka mānoanoa ma kahi o ke kaapuni mana.
I kēia mau lā, liʻiliʻi loa nā ʻāpana SMT, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i nā ʻāpana discrete maoli (ʻaʻole 74xx a me nā ʻōpala ʻē aʻe) e hoʻolālā i kāu CPU ponoʻī a paʻi ma ka PCB.E kāpīpī iā ia me ka LED, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i ka hana ʻana i ka manawa maoli.
I loko o nā makahiki, mahalo nui au i ka ulu wikiwiki ʻana o nā mea paʻakikī a me nā mea liʻiliʻi.Hāʻawi lākou i ka holomua nui, akā i ka manawa like lākou e hoʻohui i kahi pae hou o ka paʻakikī i ke kaʻina hana o ka prototyping.
ʻOi aku ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana a me ka simulation o nā kaapuni analog ma mua o ka mea āu e hana ai ma ka hale hana.Ke piʻi aʻe ka alapine o nā kaapuni kikohoʻe, lilo ka PCB i ʻāpana o ka ʻaha.No ka laʻana, nā hopena laina hoʻouna, hoʻopaneʻe hoʻolaha.ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka hoʻolālā ʻana ma mua o ka hana ʻana i nā hoʻololi i loko o ka hale hana.
No nā mea hoʻokipa, loiloi.ʻO nā papa kaapuni a me nā modula kahi hopena no ka emi ʻana o nā ʻāpana a me nā modula hoʻāʻo mua.
E lilo paha kēia i mea "leʻaleʻa", akā manaʻo wau ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hana ʻana i kāu papahana no ka manawa mua ma muli o ka hana a i ʻole nā ​​​​leʻaleʻa.
Ke hoʻololi nei au i kekahi mau hoʻolālā mai loko o ka puka i SMD.Hana i nā huahana ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi, akā ʻaʻole leʻaleʻa ke kūkulu ʻana i nā prototypes me ka lima.Hoʻokahi hapa liʻiliʻi: "kahi like" pono e heluhelu ʻia ma ke ʻano he "pālaʻi like".
ʻAʻole. Ma hope o ka lanakila ʻana o kahi ʻōnaehana, huikau mau ka poʻe kālaihonua i kāna ʻike.ʻO wai ka mea ʻike, aia paha i ke kenekulia 23, e hoʻohana ka Planetary Alliance i kahi ʻōnaehana hou…
ʻAʻole hiki iaʻu ke ʻae hou aku.He aha ka nui o 0603?ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole paʻakikī ka mālama ʻana iā 0603 ma ke ʻano he imperial nui a "kāhea" i ka 0603 metric size 0604 (a i ʻole 0602) ʻaʻole paʻakikī loa, ʻoiai inā he hewa paha ia (ʻo ia hoʻi: ka nui hoʻohālikelike maoli-ʻaʻole pēlā).Koʻikoʻi), akā ma ka liʻiliʻi e ʻike nā mea a pau i ka ʻenehana āu e kamaʻilio nei (metric/imperial)!
"Ma ka ʻōlelo maʻamau, ʻaʻole e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mea passive e like me nā resistors, capacitors, a me nā inductors inā ʻoe e liʻiliʻi."