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ʻO nā mea a pau a mākou e hālāwai ai i ka honua hou e hilinaʻi nei i ka uila i kekahi nui. Hoʻokumu mākou he mau mea maʻalahi wale nō i humuhumu ʻia i nā ʻano hoʻonohonoho like ʻole.
Ke hilinaʻi nei kā mākou ʻenehana uila hou i kēia mau ʻano ʻehā, a me - ma hope - transistors, e lawe mai iā mākou i nā mea āpau a mākou e hoʻohana ai i kēia lā. emi ka mana, a hoʻohui i kā mākou mau manaʻo i kekahi i kekahi, hiki koke mākou i kēia mau classics limits.Technology.Akā, i ka 2000s mua, elima holomua i hui pū, a ua hoʻomaka lākou e hoʻololi i ko mākou honua hou.
1.) Hoʻomohala ʻana i ka graphene. ʻO nā mea a pau i loaʻa i ke ʻano a i hana ʻia paha i loko o ka lab, ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka daimana. paʻa pū ʻia i loko o kahi ʻano aniani hexagonal, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo ia i loko o ke keʻena. kino, kemika, a me ke koʻikoʻi wela, akā ʻo ia ka lattice kūpono o nā mana.
Loaʻa i ka Graphene nā waiwai conductive hoihoi, ʻo ia hoʻi, inā hiki ke hana ʻia nā mea uila, me nā transistors, mai ka graphene ma mua o ke silika, hiki ke ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi a me ka wikiwiki ma mua o nā mea a mākou i kēia lā. ʻO kahi mea wela, ʻoi aku ka ikaika e alakaʻi ai i ka uila. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka graphene e pili ana i 98% akaka i ka mālamalama, ʻo ia hoʻi he kipi no nā pā aniani, nā ʻāpana kukui a me nā cell solar. E like me ka Nobel Foundation i kau ai i 11 makahiki. i ka wā i hala aku nei, "aia paha mākou ma ka ʻaoʻao o kahi miniaturization o nā mea uila e alakaʻi i nā kamepiula i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi i ka wā e hiki mai ana."
2.) Nā pale mauna ʻili. ʻO kēia ka ʻenehana "hou" kahiko loa a ua kamaʻāina paha i ka mea nāna i ʻoki i kahi kamepiula a kelepona paha. hopena.ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā seramika, e kūʻē i ke kahe o kēia manawa me ka ʻole o ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka mana nui a i ʻole ka wela, ua hiki ke hana i nā mea pale i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā resistors kahiko kahiko i hoʻohana ʻia ma mua: axial alakaʻi pale.
ʻO kēia mau waiwai he mea kūpono ia no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā uila uila hou, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me nā polokalamu kelepona. ka mana hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana iā lākou i loko o nā palena like.
3.) Supercapacitors.ʻO nā kāpena kekahi o nāʻenehana uila kahiko loa. Ua hoʻokumuʻia lākou ma kahi hoʻonohonoho maʻalahi kahi i hoʻokaʻawaleʻia ai nāʻaoʻao conductive (pāpā, cylinders, spherical shells, a me nā mea'ē aʻe). Hiki i nā papa ke mālama i nā uku like a kū'ē. Ke ho'āʻoʻoe e hele i kēia manawa ma o ka capacitor e hoʻopiʻi ia a ke hoʻopauʻoe i ka manawa a iʻole e hoʻohui i nā papaʻelua e hoʻokuʻu ka capacitor. ʻO ka pahū wikiwiki o ka ikehu i hoʻokuʻu ʻia, a me nā mea uila piezoelectric, kahi e hoʻololi ai i ke kaomi ʻana o ka mea hana i nā hōʻailona uila.
ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka hana ʻana i nā papa he nui i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e nā mamao liʻiliʻi ma kahi ʻano liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ʻaʻole ia wale nō ka paʻakikī akā i ka palena kumu. Hiki ke hoʻopiʻi a hoʻokuʻu ʻia kēia mau mea liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka pau ʻana;hoʻouka a hoʻokuʻu wikiwiki;a mālama i nā manawa 100 o ka ikehu no ka nui o nā capacitors kahiko. He ʻenehana hoʻololi pāʻani lākou i ka wā e hiki mai ana i ka miniaturizing electronics.
4.) Super inductors. ʻOiai ʻo ka hope loa o ka "Big Three," ʻo ka superinductor ka mea pāʻani hou loa e puka mai a hiki i ka makahiki 2018. ʻO kahi inductor ke kumu he coil me kahi au i hoʻohana ʻia me kahi kumu magnetizable. kahua, ʻo ia hoʻi, inā ʻoe e hoʻāʻo e hoʻokuʻu i kēia manawa i loko o ia mea, kūʻē ia no kekahi manawa, a laila e ʻae i ka manawa e kahe manuahi ma o ia mea, a hope e kūʻē i nā loli hou ke hoʻohuli ʻoe i ke au. ʻekolu mau mea kumu o nā kaapuni a pau. Akā hou, aia ka palena i ka liʻiliʻi hiki iā lākou ke loaʻa.
ʻO ka pilikia, ʻo ka waiwai inductance e pili ana i ka ʻili o ka inductor, ʻo ia ka mea pepehi moe e pili ana i ka miniaturization. ʻO nā ʻāpana e lawe nei i kēia manawa ke pale aku i nā loli i kā lākou neʻe. E like me nā ʻanuʻu ma kahi laina e "kamaʻilio" kekahi i kekahi e hoʻololi i ko lākou wikiwiki, pono kēia mau mea lawe i kēia manawa, e like me nā electrons, e hoʻoikaika i kekahi i kekahi e wikiwiki. ʻO kēia kū'ēʻana i ka hoʻololi e hana i kahi manaʻo o ka neʻeʻana. Ma lalo o ke alakaʻiʻana o Kaustav Banerjee's Nanoelectronics Research Laboratory, ua hoʻomohalaʻia kahi mea hoʻokomo ikehu kinetic e hoʻohana ana i kaʻenehana graphene: ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa i hoʻopaʻaʻia.
5.) E kau i ka graphene i loko o kekahi mea. I kēia manawa, e lawe kākou i ka waiwai. Loaʻa iā mākou nā graphene. Loaʻa iā mākou nā ʻano "super" o nā resistors, capacitors a me nā inductors - miniaturized, robust, hilinaʻi a efficient.The hope hurdle in the ultra-miniaturization revolution in electronics , ma ka liʻiliʻi loa ma ke kumumanaʻo, ʻo ia ka hiki ke hoʻohuli i kekahi mea hana (hana ʻia i nā mea āpau) i kahi mea uila. me nā mea maʻalahi. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka graphene he wai maikaʻi, hiki ke maʻalahi, ikaika, a me ka conductivity, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ʻino i ke kanaka, kūpono ia no kēia kumu.
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hana ʻia nā mea hana graphene a me graphene ma ke ʻano i loaʻa wale ma o ka liʻiliʻi o nā kaʻina hana ponoʻī iā lākou iho. deposition.Akā naʻe, he mau mea liʻiliʻi wale nō nā substrate e hiki ai ke waiho ʻia ka graphene ma kēia ala. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻemi i ka graphene oxide, akā inā hana ʻoe, e hoʻopau ʻoe i ka graphene maikaʻi ʻole. , akā ʻaʻole ʻae kēia iā ʻoe e hoʻomalu i ka nui a i ʻole ka mānoanoa o ka graphene āu e hana ai.
ʻO kēia kahi e komo ai nā holomua i ka graphene i kālai ʻia i ka laser. ʻElua mau ala nui e hoʻokō ai i kēia. ʻO kekahi e hoʻomaka me ka graphene oxide. E like me ka wā ma mua: lawe ʻoe i ka graphite a oxidize ia, akā ma kahi o ka hoʻemi kemika, hoʻemi ʻoe iā ia. me ka laser. ʻAʻole like me ka graphene oxide i hoʻemi kemika, he huahana kiʻekiʻe ia e hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i nā supercapacitors, nā kaapuni uila, a me nā kāleka hoʻomanaʻo, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i ka polyimide, ka plastic wela kiʻekiʻe, a me ke ʻano graphene pololei me ka laser. Hoʻopau ka laser i nā paʻa kemika i loko o ka pūnaewele polyimide, a hoʻonohonoho hou nā carbon atoms iā lākou iho e hana i nā pepa graphene lahilahi a maikaʻi loa. Ua hōʻike ʻo Polyimide. he ton o nā noi kūpono, no ka mea, inā hiki iā ʻoe ke kahakaha i nā kaapuni graphene ma luna o ia mea, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻololi i kekahi ʻano o ka polyimide i mea uila hiki ke hoʻohana.
Akā, ʻoi aku ka hauʻoli loa - ma muli o ka puka ʻana, piʻi ʻana, a me ka nui o nā mea hou i ʻike ʻia o ka graphene i kālai ʻia i ka laser - aia ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka mea hiki i kēia manawa. .One o ka loa egregious laʻana o ka 'ike loea 'ole i ka holomua 'o ia na batteries.I keia la, ua aneane mākou e hoʻohana i ka maloo cell chemistries e hoahu uila ikehu, he kenekulia-kahiko 'enehana. Ua hana ʻia nā capacitors electrochemical maʻalahi.
Me ka laser-engraved graphene, ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke hoʻololi wale i ke ala a mākou e mālama ai i ka ikehu, akā hiki iā mākou ke hana i nā mea hiki ke hoʻololi i ka ikehu mechanical i ka uila: triboelectric nanogenerators. Hiki iā mākou ke hana i nā photovoltaics kūlohelohe kupaianaha i hiki ke hoʻololi i ka ikehu lā. hiki nō hoʻi ke hana i nā cell biofuel maʻalahi;nui nā mea hiki. Ma nā palena o ka hōʻiliʻili a me ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu, aia nā kipi i ka wā pōkole.
Eia kekahi, ʻo ka graphene i kālai ʻia e ka laser e hoʻomaka i kahi au o nā mea i ʻike ʻole ʻia. E pili ana kēia i nā mea ʻike kino, ʻoiai nā loli kino (e like me ka mahana a i ʻole ke kānana) e hoʻololi i nā waiwai uila e like me ke kū'ē a me ka impedance (ʻo ia hoʻi nā haʻawina o ka capacitance a me ka inductance. ).Aia pū kekahi me nā mea e ʻike ai i nā loli i nā waiwai kinoea a me ka haʻahaʻa, a - ke hoʻopili ʻia i ke kino o ke kanaka - nā loli kino i nā hōʻailona koʻikoʻi o kekahi. ka hoʻopili wale ʻana i kahi ʻāpana kiaʻi ʻana i nā hōʻailona koʻikoʻi e makaʻala koke iā mākou i nā loli weliweli i ko mākou kino.
Hiki i kēia laina o ka noʻonoʻo ke wehe i kahi kahua hou holoʻokoʻa: biosensors e pili ana i ka ʻenehana graphene i kālai ʻia i ka laser. Move.
ʻAʻole hiki i ka makahiki 2004 i hoʻomohala mua ʻia ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana i nā pepa graphene, ma ka liʻiliʻi loa. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻano hana a pau o ka hana ʻana a me ka hana ʻana i nā mea hana graphene, hiki i ka graphene i kālai ʻia i ka laser ke hiki ke maʻalahi, ka nui-producible, kiʻekiʻe, a me ke kumu kūʻai graphene ma nā ʻano noi like ʻole me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka uila uila.
I ka wā e hiki mai ana, he mea kūpono ke manaʻo i nā holomua i ka ʻoihana ikehu, e like me ka mana o ka ikehu, ka ʻohi ʻana i ka ikehu, a me ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu. ʻO ia hoʻi i ka wā kokoke i nā holomua i nā mea ʻike, me nā mea ʻike kino, nā ʻike kinoea, a me nā biosensors. Hiki mai ke kipi mai nā mea hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia, me nā mea hana no nā noi telemedicine diagnostic. No ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, e mau ana nā pilikia a me nā pilikia. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā mea uila ultra-liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka wā.