nūhou

Ma hope paha o ke kānāwai o Ohm, ʻo ka lua o ke kānāwai kaulana loa i ka uila ʻo ke kānāwai o Moore: ʻO ka helu o nā transistors hiki ke hana ʻia ma kahi kaapuni hoʻohui ʻia e pālua i kēlā me kēia ʻelua makahiki a i ʻole. E liʻiliʻi nā transistors i ka manawa. Ua hoʻomaka mākou e manaʻo i kahi hanauna hou o nā chips me nā hiʻohiʻona liʻiliʻi e ʻike ʻia i ka wikiwiki maʻamau, akā he aha ke kumu o ka liʻiliʻi ʻana i nā mea?
I ka makahiki i hala aku nei, ua holomua ka ʻenehana uila. I nā makahiki 1920, ʻo nā lekiō AM kiʻekiʻe loa i loaʻa i kekahi mau paipu māmā, kekahi mau inductors nui, capacitors a me nā resistors, mau mika o nā uea i hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā antennas, a me kahi pūʻulu nui o nā pā. e hoʻoikaika i ka mīkini holoʻokoʻa. I kēia lā, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻolohe i nā lawelawe streaming mele ʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi kakini ma ka hāmeʻa i loko o kāu ʻeke, a hiki iā ʻoe ke hana i nā mea hou aku.
ʻO kahi pōmaikaʻi maopopo o nā mea liʻiliʻi, ʻo ia ka mea e ʻae iā ʻoe e hoʻohui i nā hana hou aku i ka leo like. ʻO ka nui o ka ʻike i hana ʻia e kahi kaʻina hana 64-bit he ʻewalu mau manawa o ka CPU 8-bit e holo ana i ka manawa like. .No laila, pono ʻoe i kahi puʻupuʻu ʻewalu mau manawa nui a i ʻole transistor i ʻewalu mau manawa liʻiliʻi.
Pēlā nō ia no nā pahu hoʻomanaʻo: Ma ka hana ʻana i nā transistors liʻiliʻi, loaʻa iā ʻoe ka nui o ka waiho ʻana i ka leo like. ʻO nā pika i ka hapa nui o nā hōʻike i kēia lā ua hana ʻia me nā transistors kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi, no laila he mea kūpono ke kau ʻana iā lākou i lalo a hoʻokō i nā hopena kiʻekiʻe. , ʻo ka liʻiliʻi o ka transistor, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, a aia kekahi kumu koʻikoʻi: ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kā lākou hana.
I kēlā me kēia manawa e hana ai ʻoe i kahi transistor, e hāʻawi ʻo ia i kekahi mau ʻāpana ʻē aʻe no ka manuahi. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia pahu ke kūʻē i ka series. ʻO kēlā me kēia mea e lawe ana i kēia manawa, aia nō hoʻi ka inductance ponoʻī. ʻO ka hope, aia kahi capacitance ma waena o nā conductors ʻelua e kū ana kekahi i kekahi. ʻO kēia mau hopena. hoʻopau i ka mana a hoʻolohi i ka wikiwiki o ka transistor. He pilikia nui nā capacitances Parasitic: pono lākou e hoʻopiʻi a hoʻokuʻu ʻia i kēlā me kēia manawa i hoʻohuli ʻia a i ʻole nā ​​​​transistors, e koi ana i ka manawa a me ka manawa mai ka mana.
ʻO ka capacitance ma waena o ʻelua conductors kahi hana o ko lākou nui kino: ʻo ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ke ʻano o ka capacitance liʻiliʻi.
Ke emi nei ʻoe i ka nui o nā transistors, ʻaʻole ʻo ka capacitance wale nō ka hopena e hoʻololi ai: he nui nā hopena mechanical quantum ʻē aʻe i ʻike ʻole ʻia no nā mea ʻoi aku ka nui. ma mua o nā transistors wale nō. Ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻoe i nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe, pehea lākou e hana ai?
ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ʻaʻole e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mea passive e like me nā resistors, capacitors, a me nā inductors i ka wā e liʻiliʻi ai lākou: ma nā ʻano he nui, e ʻoi aku ka ʻino. , ma laila e mālama ai i kahi PCB.
Hiki ke ho'emi 'ia ka nui o ka pale pale me ka nui 'ole o ka pohō. 'O ke kū'ē'ana o kahi'āpana mea i hā'awi 'ia e, kahi l ka lō'ihi, A 'o ia ka 'āpana cross-sectional, a 'o ρ ka resistivity o ka mea. e ho'ēmi wale i ka lōʻihi a me ke keʻa-ʻāpana, a pau me ka kino liʻiliʻi resistor, akā naʻe e loaʻa i ka like resistance.The wale hemahema i ka wā e hoʻopau i ka mana like, physically liʻiliʻi resistors e hoʻonui i ka wela ma mua o nui resistors.No laila, uuku. Hiki ke hoʻohana wale ʻia nā mea pale i nā kaapuni haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. Hōʻike kēia papa i ka emi ʻana o ka mana kiʻekiʻe o nā pale pale SMD i ka emi ʻana o ko lākou nui.
I kēia lā, ʻo ka resistor liʻiliʻi loa hiki iā ʻoe ke kūʻai aku ʻo ia ka metric 03015 nui (0.3 mm x 0.15 mm). ʻO ko lākou mana helu ʻia he 20 mW wale nō a hoʻohana wale ʻia no nā kaapuni e hoʻopau i ka mana liʻiliʻi a ua kaupalena ʻia ka nui. ʻO ka metric liʻiliʻi 0201 Ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka pūʻolo (0.2 mm x 0.1 mm), akā ʻaʻole i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka hana. e mālama iā lākou, no laila he mau huahana niche lākou.
Hiki ke hoʻemi ʻia nā capacitor, akā e hōʻemi kēia i ko lākou capacitance. ʻO ke ʻano no ka helu ʻana i ka capacitance o kahi capacitor shunt, ʻo ia ka A ka ʻāpana o ka papa, d ka mamao ma waena o lākou, a ʻo ε ka dielectric mau. (ka waiwai o ka mea waena). Ina ua miniaturized ka capacitor (ma ke ano he mea palahalaha), pono e hoemiia ka wahi, pela e hoemi ai i ka capacitance. Ina makemake oe e hookomo i na nafara he nui i ka leo uuku, o ke koho wale no. ʻO ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i kekahi mau papa.
ʻO ka capacitor liʻiliʻi loa i loaʻa i kēia lā i loko o kahi puʻupuʻu ultra-liʻiliʻi metric 0201: ʻo 0.25 mm x 0.125 mm wale nō. Ua kaupalena ʻia kā lākou capacitance i ka 100 nF pono mau, a ʻo ka volta hana kiʻekiʻe he 6.3 V. Eia kekahi, liʻiliʻi loa kēia mau pūʻolo. koi i nā mea hana kiʻekiʻe e mālama iā lākou, e kaupalena ana i kā lākou hoʻohana ākea.
No nā mea hoʻokomo, he paʻakikī iki ka moʻolelo. Hāʻawi ʻia ka inductance o kahi wili pololei, kahi N ka helu o nā huli, ʻo A ka ʻāpana keʻa o ka wili, l kona lōʻihi, a ʻo μ ka mea mau (permeability). Ina e hoemiia na ana a pau e ka hapalua, e emi pu ka inductance i ka hapalua. Eia naʻe, e mau ana ke kuʻekuʻe o ka uea: ʻo ia ke kumu o ka hoʻemi ʻia ʻana o ka lōʻihi a me ke keʻa o ka uea i kahi. hapaha o kona kumu waiwai. 'O ia ho'i, e ho'opau 'oe i ke kū'ē like 'ana i ka hapalua o ka inductance, no laila 'oe e ho'oka'awale i ka helu (Q) o ka coil.
ʻO ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi i loaʻa i ka discrete inductor e hoʻohana i ka nui ʻīniha 01005 (0.4 mm x 0.2 mm). He kiʻekiʻe kēia e like me 56 nH a loaʻa ke kūpaʻa o kekahi mau ohms. Ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā inductors i kahi metric ultra-liʻiliʻi 0201 i ka makahiki 2014, akā. ʻike ʻia ʻaʻole lākou i hoʻolauna ʻia i ka mākeke.
Ua hoʻoholo ʻia nā palena kino o nā inductors ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mea i kapa ʻia ʻo dynamic inductance, hiki ke ʻike ʻia i nā coils i hana ʻia i ka graphene. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻonui maikaʻi ʻia ka coil. Akā naʻe, inā e hana ana kāu kaapuni i nā alapine kiʻekiʻe, ʻaʻole ia he pilikia.
Lawe kēia iā mākou i kahi mea ʻē aʻe i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ke kenekulia i hala akā ʻaʻole ʻoe e ʻike koke: ʻo ka lōʻihi o ka nalu a mākou e hoʻohana ai no ke kamaʻilio. Ua kaulana ka hui alapine FM ma 100 MHz a i ʻole 3 mika a puni ka makahiki 1960, a i kēia lā ke hoʻohana nui nei mākou i nā kamaʻilio 4G ma kahi o 1 a i ʻole 2 GHz (ma kahi o 20 cm). Ma muli o ka miniaturization i loaʻa iā mākou nā lekiō haʻahaʻa, hilinaʻi a mālama i ka ikehu e hana ana ma kēia mau alapine.
Hiki i nā nalu hawewe ke ho'ēmi i nā antenna no ka mea pili pono ko lākou nui i ke alapine e pono ai lākou e hoʻouna a loaʻa. kenimika ka lōʻihi. ʻO ia ke kumu e koi ai ka hapa nui o nā kelepona paʻa i nā mea hoʻokipa FM iā ʻoe e hoʻopili i nā pepeiao ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻana: pono ka lekiō e hoʻohana i ka uea o ka pepeiao ma ke ʻano he antenna i mea e loaʻa ai ka ikaika hōʻailona mai kēlā mau nalu lōʻihi hoʻokahi mika.
No nā kaapuni i pili i kā mākou miniature antennas, i ka wā liʻiliʻi, ua maʻalahi lākou i ka hana. o ka uea i oi aku i ka hapaumi o ka nalu nalu, pono oe e noonoo i ka hoololi ana o ka manawa ma kona loa i ka wa e hana ana i ke kaapuni. Ma 2.4 GHz, keia mea he hookahi wale no kenimika o ka uwea i hoopilikia i kou kaapuni; inā ʻoe e hoʻohui pū i nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa, he maʻi poʻo, akā inā ʻoe e kau i ke kaapuni ma kahi mau millimeters square, ʻaʻole ia he pilikia.
ʻO ka wānana ʻana i ka pau ʻana o ke kānāwai o Moore, a i ʻole ka hōʻike ʻana i ka hewa o kēia mau wānana, ua lilo ia i kumuhana hou i ka nūpepa ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana. ʻO ka pāʻani, e hoʻomau i ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona hou aʻe i kēlā me kēia micrometer square, a e hoʻolālā e hoʻolauna i kekahi mau hanauna o nā chips i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia i ka wā e hiki mai ana. hoʻomau.
Eia nō naʻe, no nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa, ʻike mākou ua hiki i kahi palena kūlohelohe: ʻo ka hoʻoemi ʻana iā lākou ʻaʻole ia e hoʻomaikaʻi i kā lākou hana, a ʻo nā mea liʻiliʻi loa i loaʻa i kēia manawa ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka nui o nā hihia e pono ai. akā inā loaʻa iā Moore's Law, makemake mākou e ʻike i ka nui o ka hiki i ke kanaka ke hoʻokau i ka hoʻokūkū kūʻai SMD.
Ua makemake mau wau e kiʻi i ke kiʻi o kahi pale pale PTH aʻu i hoʻohana ai i ka makahiki 1970, a kau i kahi pale SMD ma luna, e like me kaʻu e hoʻololi nei i loko / i waho i kēia manawa. ʻO kaʻu pahuhopu e hana i koʻu mau kaikunāne a me koʻu nā huahana uila) pehea ka nui o ka hoʻololi ʻana, me ka hiki iaʻu ke ʻike i nā ʻāpana o kaʻu hana, (ʻoiai e ʻoi aku ka ʻino o koʻu mau maka, e piʻi ana koʻu mau lima i ka haʻalulu).
Makemake au e ʻōlelo, ʻo ia pū a ʻaʻole. I kekahi manawa, hana maikaʻi kāu hoʻolālā, akā ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa hou nā ʻāpana. He aha ia?. He manaʻo maikaʻi ka manaʻo maikaʻi, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka mālama ʻana e like me ia, ma mua o ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana me ke kumu ʻole.Gantt
"Ke mau nei ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo nā hui ʻekolu ʻo Intel, Samsung a me TSMC e hoʻokūkū mau ana i ka mua o kēia pāʻani, e ʻoki mau ana i nā hiʻohiʻona hou aku i kēlā me kēia micrometer square,"
Nui a pipiʻi nā ʻāpana uila. I ka makahiki 1971, he mau lekiō wale nō ka ʻohana maʻamau, kahi stereo a me kahi TV. Ma ka makahiki 1976, ua puka mai nā kamepiula, calculators, nā uaki kikohoʻe a me nā wati, nā mea liʻiliʻi a maʻalahi no nā mea kūʻai.
Hiki mai kekahi miniaturization mai ka design.Operational amplifiers e hiki ai ke hoʻohana i nā gyrators, hiki ke hoʻololi i nā inductors nui i kekahi mau hihia.Active kānana hoʻopau i nā inductors.
Hoʻoikaika nā ʻāpana nui i nā mea ʻē aʻe: ka hoʻemi ʻana o ke kaapuni, ʻo ia hoʻi, e hoʻāʻo nei e hoʻohana i nā mea liʻiliʻi loa e hana i ka hana kaapuni. I kēia lā, ʻaʻole mākou mālama nui. Pono ʻoe i ka mīkini mokuʻāina? E lawe i kahi mpu.etc. He liʻiliʻi maoli nā ʻāpana i kēia lā, akā he nui maoli nā mea i loko. e hoʻokō i ka hana hoʻokahi ma mua o kahi amplifier hana. Akā, eia hou, e mālama ka miniaturization i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mana.
Ua poina maoli ʻoe i kekahi o nā pōmaikaʻi nui / kumu o ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka nui: hōʻemi ʻia nā parasitic package a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka mana (e like me ka counterintuitive).
Mai ka manaʻo kūpono, i ka manawa e hiki ai ka nui o ka hiʻona ma kahi o 0.25u, e hōʻea ʻoe i ka pae GHz, i ka manawa e hoʻomaka ai ka pūʻolo SOP nui e hana i ka hopena nui loa.
I kēia manawa, ua hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻia nā pūʻolo QFN/BGA ma ke ʻano o ka hana. Eia kekahi, ke kau ʻoe i ka pūʻolo palahalaha e like me kēia, e hoʻopau ʻoe me ka *ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hana wela a me nā pā i hōʻike ʻia.
Eia kekahi, ʻo Intel, Samsung, a me TSMC e pāʻani i kahi kuleana nui, akā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ASML i kēia papa inoa. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole pili kēia i ka leo passive ...
ʻAʻole ia e pili ana i ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā kumukūʻai silika ma o nā nodes kaʻina hana e hiki mai ana. ʻO nā mea ʻē aʻe, e like me nā ʻeke.
ʻIke pinepine au i kekahi mau huahana catalog, kahi wale nō ka mea hoʻokele ka hoʻemi ʻana i ke kumukūʻai. MHz/memo ka nui like, like ka hana SOC a me ka hoʻonohonoho pin. Hiki iā mākou ke hoʻohana i nā ʻenehana hou e hōʻemi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mana (maʻamau ʻaʻole manuahi kēia, no laila. aia kekahi mau pono hoʻokūkū a nā mea kūʻai e mālama ai)
ʻO kekahi o nā mea maikaʻi o nā mea nui,ʻo ia ka mea anti-radiation.ʻO nā transistors liʻiliʻi iʻoi aku ka maʻalahi i nā hopena o nā kukuna cosmic, ma kēia kūlana koʻikoʻi.
ʻAʻole au i ʻike i ke kumu nui o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka wikiwiki. ʻO ka wikiwiki o ka hōʻailona ma kahi o 8 mau iniha no ka nanosecond.
Makemake paha ʻoe e nānā i kāu makemakika ponoʻī ma ka helu ʻana i ka ʻokoʻa o ka hoʻolōʻihi ʻana ma muli o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ʻeke a me nā pōʻai hōʻemi (1/frequency). he mea hoopuni.
Hoʻokahi mea aʻu e makemake ai e hoʻohui, ʻo ka nui o nā IC, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hoʻolālā kahiko a me nā ʻāpana analog, ʻaʻole i hoʻohaʻahaʻa maoli ʻia, ma ka liʻiliʻi ma loko. koe i loko, ʻaʻole no ka mea ua liʻiliʻi nā transistors etc.
Ma waho aʻe o ka pilikia o ka hoʻokō pono ʻana i ka robot e mālama pono i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi i nā noi koho-a-wahi kiʻekiʻe, ʻo kahi pilikia ʻē aʻe e hilinaʻi i ka wiliwili ʻana i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi. kūikawā solder paste, kūikawā step solder paste templates (e hoʻopili i kahi liʻiliʻi o ka solder paste ma kahi e pono ai, akā naʻe e hāʻawi i ka nui solder paste no nā mea nui) hoʻomaka e lilo i mea kūʻai loa. ʻO ka pae papa he ala kūʻai wale nō a hiki ke hiki. I kēia manawa, hiki paha iā ʻoe ke hana hou aku i ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka pae wafer silicon a maʻalahi i ka helu o nā ʻāpana discrete i ka liʻiliʻi loa.
E ʻike ʻoe i kēia ma kāu kelepona. Ma kahi o 1995, ua kūʻai au i kekahi mau kelepona paʻa mua ma ke kūʻai hale kaʻa no kekahi mau kālā i kēlā me kēia. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ICs ma loko o ka puka.
A laila ua hoʻopau wau i kekahi mau kelepona paʻa lima hou. He mau mea liʻiliʻi loa a aneane ʻaʻohe mea i kamaʻāina. Ma kahi helu liʻiliʻi o nā ICs, ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka density, akā ua ʻae ʻia kahi hoʻolālā hou (e ʻike iā SDR), kahi e hoʻopau ai i ka hapa nui o nā IC. nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa i pono ma mua.
> (E noi i kahi liʻiliʻi o ka solder paste ma kahi e pono ai, akā e hāʻawi mau i ka nui o ka solder paste no nā mea nui)
ʻAe, ua noʻonoʻo wau i ka template "3D/Wave" e hoʻoponopono i kēia pilikia: ʻoi aku ka lahilahi ma kahi o nā mea liʻiliʻi loa, a ʻoi aku ka mānoanoa ma kahi o ke kaapuni mana.
I kēia mau lā, liʻiliʻi loa nā ʻāpana SMT, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i nā ʻāpana discrete maoli (ʻaʻole 74xx a me nā ʻōpala ʻē aʻe) e hoʻolālā i kāu CPU ponoʻī a paʻi ma ka PCB. E kāpīpī iā ia me ka LED, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i ka hana ʻana i ka manawa maoli.
I loko o nā makahiki, mahalo nui au i ka hoʻomohala wikiwiki ʻana o nā mea paʻakikī a me nā mea liʻiliʻi.
ʻOi aku ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana a me ka simulation o nā kaapuni analog ma mua o ka mea āu e hana ai i loko o ke keʻena keʻena. I ka piʻi ʻana o ke alapine o nā kaapuni kikohoʻe, lilo ka PCB i ʻāpana o ka hui. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻenehana edge no ka hoʻopau pono ʻana i ka hoʻolālā, ma mua o ka hana ʻana i nā hoʻololi i loko o ka hale hana.
No nā mea hobby, evaluation.ʻO nā papa kaapuni a me nā modula kahi hopena i ka emi ʻana o nā ʻāpana a me nā modula pre-testing.
E lilo paha kēia i mea "leʻaleʻa", akā manaʻo wau ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hana ʻana i kāu papahana no ka manawa mua ma muli o ka hana a i ʻole nā ​​​​leʻaleʻa.
Ke hoʻololi nei au i kekahi mau hoʻolālā mai loko o ka puka i SMD. E hana i nā huahana ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi, akā ʻaʻole ia he leʻaleʻa ke kūkulu ʻana i nā prototypes me ka lima.
ʻAʻole. Ma hope o ka lanakila ʻana o kahi ʻōnaehana, e huikau ana ka poʻe kālaihonua i kāna ʻike.
ʻAʻole hiki iaʻu ke ʻae hou aku. He aha ka nui o 0603? ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka mālama ʻana i ka 0603 ma ke ʻano he imperial nui a "kāhea" i ka 0603 metric nui 0604 (a i ʻole 0602) ʻaʻole ia paʻakikī, ʻoiai inā ʻaʻole i pololei ke ʻenehana (ʻo ia hoʻi: ka nui kūlike maoli-ʻaʻole pēlā) ʻoiai. Koʻikoʻi), akā ma ka liʻiliʻi e ʻike nā mea a pau i ka ʻenehana āu e kamaʻilio nei (metric/imperial)!
"Ma ka ʻōlelo maʻamau, ʻaʻole e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mea passive e like me nā resistors, capacitors, a me nā inductors inā ʻoe e liʻiliʻi."