nūhou

Ma hope paha o ke kānāwai o Ohm, ʻo ka lua o ke kānāwai kaulana loa i ka uila ʻo ia ke kānāwai o Moore: ʻO ka helu o nā transistors hiki ke hana ʻia ma kahi kaapuni hoʻohui ʻia e pālua i kēlā me kēia ʻelua makahiki a i ʻole. Ma muli o ka like ʻole o ka nui kino o ka chip, ʻo ia ka mea e liʻiliʻi nā transistors pākahi i ka manawa. Ua hoʻomaka mākou e manaʻo i kahi hanauna hou o nā chips me nā hiʻohiʻona liʻiliʻi e ʻike ʻia i ka wikiwiki maʻamau, akā he aha ke kumu o ka liʻiliʻi ʻana i nā mea? ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka liʻiliʻi?
I ke kenekulia i hala, ua holomua nui ka ʻenehana uila. I nā makahiki 1920, ʻo nā lekiō AM kiʻekiʻe loa i loaʻa i kekahi mau paipu māmā, kekahi mau inductors nui, capacitors a me nā mea pale, mau mika o nā uea i hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā antennas, a me kahi pūʻulu nui o nā pihi e mana i ka hāmeʻa holoʻokoʻa. I kēia lā, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻolohe i nā lawelawe streaming mele ʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi kaukani ma ka hāmeʻa i loko o kāu ʻeke, a hiki iā ʻoe ke hana hou aku. Akā ʻaʻole wale ka miniaturization no ka portability: pono loa ia e hoʻokō i ka hana a mākou e manaʻo ai mai kā mākou mau polokalamu i kēia lā.
ʻO kahi pōmaikaʻi o nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi ʻo ia ka mea e ʻae iā ʻoe e hoʻohui i nā hana hou aʻe i ka leo like. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia no nā kaapuni kikohoʻe: ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke hana i nā hana hou aʻe i ka manawa like. No ka laʻana, ma ke kumumanaʻo, ʻo ka nui o ka ʻike i hana ʻia e kahi kaʻina hana 64-bit he ʻewalu mau manawa o ka CPU 8-bit e holo ana i ka manawa like. Akā ʻo ia ka mea e koi ai i ʻewalu mau ʻāpana: nā papa inoa, nā mea hoʻohui, nā kaʻa kaʻa, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe ʻewalu mau manawa ka nui. No laila, pono ʻoe i kahi puʻupuʻu ʻewalu mau manawa ʻoi aku ka nui, a i ʻole pono ʻoe i kahi transistor ʻewalu mau manawa liʻiliʻi.
Pēlā nō ia no nā pahu hoʻomanaʻo: Ma ka hana ʻana i nā transistors liʻiliʻi, ʻoi aku ka nui o kāu wahi e waiho ai i ka leo like. Hana ʻia nā pika i ka hapa nui o nā hōʻike i kēia lā me nā transistors kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni, no laila he mea kūpono ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa iā lākou i lalo a loaʻa i nā hoʻonā kiʻekiʻe. Eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka transistor, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, a aia kekahi kumu koʻikoʻi: ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kā lākou hana. Akā no ke aha pololei?
I kēlā me kēia manawa e hana ai ʻoe i kahi transistor, hāʻawi ia i kekahi mau ʻāpana hou no ka manuahi. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia pahu kahi pale i ka moʻo. ʻO kēlā me kēia mea e lawe ana i kēia manawa, loaʻa iā ia ka hoʻokomo ponoʻī. ʻO ka hope, aia kahi capacitance ma waena o nā conductors ʻelua e kū pono ana kekahi i kekahi. Pau kēia mau hopena i ka mana a hoʻolohi i ka wikiwiki o ka transistor. He pilikia loa nā capacitances parasitic: pono e hoʻopiʻi a hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā transistors i kēlā me kēia manawa i hoʻohuli ʻia a i ʻole, e koi ana i ka manawa a me ka manawa mai ka lako mana.
ʻO ka capacitance ma waena o ʻelua conductors kahi hana o ko lākou nui kino: ʻo ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ʻo ia ka capacitance liʻiliʻi. A no ka mea, ʻo nā capacitor liʻiliʻi ke ʻano o ka wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe a me ka mana haʻahaʻa, hiki i nā transistors liʻiliʻi ke holo i nā alapine uaki kiʻekiʻe a hoʻopau i ka wela liʻiliʻi i ka hana ʻana pēlā.
Ke emi nei ʻoe i ka nui o nā transistors, ʻaʻole ʻo ka capacitance wale nō ka hopena e hoʻololi ai: he nui nā hopena mechanical quantum ʻē aʻe i ʻike ʻole ʻia no nā mea nui. Eia nō naʻe, ma ka ʻōlelo maʻamau, ʻo ka hoʻoemi ʻana i nā transistors e wikiwiki lākou. Akā ʻoi aku nā huahana uila ma mua o nā transistors. Ke hōʻemi ʻoe i nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe, pehea lākou e hana ai?
ʻO ka ʻōlelo maʻamau, ʻaʻole e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mea passive e like me nā resistors, capacitors, a me nā inductors i ka wā e liʻiliʻi ai lākou: ma nā ʻano he nui, e ʻoi aku ka ʻino. No laila, ʻo ka miniaturization o kēia mau ʻāpana ka mea nui e hiki ke hoʻopaʻa iā lākou i kahi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, a laila e mālama ai i kahi PCB.
Hiki ke hoemi ia ka nui o ka resistor me ka nui ole o ka poho. Hāʻawi ʻia ke kūʻē o kahi ʻāpana mea e, kahi l ka lōʻihi, ʻo A ka ʻāpana keʻa, a ʻo ρ ka pale ʻana o ka mea. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka lōʻihi a me ka ʻāpana keʻa, a hoʻopau i kahi resistor liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, akā e loaʻa mau ana ka pale like. ʻO ka hemahema wale nō, ʻo ia ke hoʻopau ʻana i ka mana like, ʻoi aku ka wela o nā mea pale liʻiliʻi ma ke kino ma mua o nā resistors nui. No laila, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā resistors liʻiliʻi i nā kaapuni haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. Hōʻike kēia papa i ka emi ʻana o ka mana kiʻekiʻe o nā pale pale SMD i ka emi ʻana o ko lākou nui.
I kēia lā, ʻo ka mea pale liʻiliʻi loa āu e kūʻai ai ʻo ka metric 03015 nui (0.3 mm x 0.15 mm). ʻO ko lākou mana helu he 20 mW wale nō a hoʻohana wale ʻia no nā kaapuni e hoʻopau i ka mana liʻiliʻi a ua kaupalena ʻia ka nui. Ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia kahi pūʻolo metric 0201 liʻiliʻi (0.2 mm x 0.1 mm), akā ʻaʻole i hoʻokomo ʻia i ka hana. Akā inā ʻike ʻia lākou ma ka papa inoa o ka mea hana, mai manaʻo ʻoe aia lākou ma nā wahi āpau: ʻaʻole lawa ka nui o nā robots koho a hoʻonoho iā lākou, no laila he mau huahana niche lākou.
Hiki ke hoʻemi ʻia nā Capacitors, akā e hōʻemi kēia i kā lākou capacitance. ʻO ke kumu no ka helu ʻana i ka capacitance o kahi capacitor shunt, kahi ʻo A ka ʻāpana o ka papa, d ka mamao ma waena o lākou, a ʻo ε ka dielectric mau (ka waiwai o ka mea waena). Inā liʻiliʻi ʻia ka capacitor (ma ke ʻano he papa pālahalaha), pono e hoʻemi ʻia ka wahi, a laila e hōʻemi i ka capacitance. Inā makemake ʻoe e hoʻopaʻa i ka nafara he nui i loko o kahi leo liʻiliʻi, ʻo ka koho wale nō e hoʻopaʻa i kekahi mau papa. Ma muli o ka holomua ʻana o nā mea hana a me ka hana ʻana, ua hana ʻia nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni lahilahi (d liʻiliʻi) a me nā dielectrics kūikawā (me ka ε nui aʻe) hiki, ua emi nui ka nui o nā capacitors i nā makahiki i hala.
ʻO ka capacitor liʻiliʻi loa i loaʻa i kēia lā i loko o kahi pūʻolo metric ultra-liʻiliʻi 0201: 0.25 mm x 0.125 mm wale nō. Ua kaupalena ʻia ko lākou capacitance i ka 100 nF pono mau, a ʻo ka volta hana kiʻekiʻe loa he 6.3 V. Eia kekahi, liʻiliʻi loa kēia mau pūʻolo a koi i nā mea hana kiʻekiʻe e mālama iā lākou, e kaupalena ana i kā lākou hoʻohana ākea ʻana.
No nā mea hoʻokomo, paʻakikī iki ka moʻolelo. Hāʻawi ʻia ka inductance o kahi wili pololei, kahi N ka helu o nā huli, ʻo A ka ʻāpana cross-sectional o ka coil, l kona lōʻihi, a ʻo μ ka mea mau (permeability). Inā ho'ēmiʻia nā ana a pau e ka hapalua, e hoʻemiʻia ka inductance e ka hapalua. Eia naʻe, ua mau ke kūʻē o ka uea: ʻo ia ke kumu o ka hoʻemi ʻana o ka lōʻihi a me ke keʻa o ka uea i ka hapaha o kona kumu waiwai. 'O ia ho'i, e ho'opau 'oe i ke kū'ē like 'ana i ka hapalua o ka inductance, no laila e ho'oka'awale 'oe i ka helu (Q) o ka coil.
Hoʻohana ʻia ka inductor discrete liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi loa i ka nui ʻīniha 01005 (0.4 mm x 0.2 mm). ʻO kēia ke kiʻekiʻe e like me 56 nH a loaʻa i kahi kūʻē o kekahi mau ohms. Ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā inductors i kahi pūʻolo ultra-liʻiliʻi metric 0201 i ka makahiki 2014, akā ʻike ʻia ʻaʻole lākou i hoʻolauna ʻia i ka mākeke.
Ua hoʻoholo ʻia nā palena kino o nā inductors ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻano i kapa ʻia ʻo dynamic inductance, hiki ke ʻike ʻia i nā coils i hana ʻia me ka graphene. Akā naʻe, inā hiki ke hana ʻia ma ke ʻano ʻoihana kūʻai, hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia e 50%. ʻO ka hope, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoemi maikaʻi ʻia ka coil. Eia naʻe, inā e hana ana kāu kaapuni i nā alapine kiʻekiʻe, ʻaʻole ia he pilikia. Inā aia kāu hōʻailona ma ka laulā GHz, ua lawa nā nH coils.
Lawe kēia iā mākou i kahi mea ʻē aʻe i liʻiliʻi ʻia i ke kenekulia i hala akā ʻaʻole paha ʻoe e ʻike koke: ka lōʻihi o ka nalu a mākou e hoʻohana ai no ke kamaʻilio. Ua hoʻohana nā hoʻolaha lekiō mua i kahi alapine AM hawewe ma kahi o 1 MHz me ka lōʻihi o ka nalu ma kahi o 300 mika. Ua kaulana ka alapine FM ma 100 MHz a i ʻole 3 mau mika a puni ka makahiki 1960, a i kēia lā, hoʻohana nui mākou i nā kamaʻilio 4G ma kahi o 1 a i ʻole 2 GHz (ma kahi o 20 cm). ʻO nā alapine kiʻekiʻe ke ʻano o ka hiki ke hoʻouna ʻike. Ma muli o ka miniaturization i loaʻa iā mākou nā lekiō haʻahaʻa, hilinaʻi a mālama i ka ikehu e hana ana ma kēia mau alapine.
Hiki i nā lōʻihi hawewe ke hōʻemi i nā antennas no ka mea pili pono ko lākou nui i ke alapine e pono ai lākou e hoʻouna a loaʻa paha. ʻAʻole pono nā kelepona paʻa i kēia lā i nā antenna e kū lōʻihi ana, mahalo i kā lākou kamaʻilio hoʻolaʻa ʻana ma nā alapine GHz, no ka mea pono e hoʻokahi kenimika ka lōʻihi o ka antenna. ʻO ia ke kumu e koi ai ka hapa nui o nā kelepona paʻa i nā mea hoʻokipa FM iā ʻoe e hoʻopili i nā pepeiao ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻana: pono ka lekiō e hoʻohana i ka uea o ka pepeiao ma ke ʻano he antenna i mea e loaʻa ai ka ikaika hōʻailona mai kēlā mau nalu lōʻihi hoʻokahi mika.
No nā kaapuni i pili i kā mākou miniature antennas, i ka wā liʻiliʻi, maʻalahi lākou e hana. ʻAʻole wale kēia no ka wikiwiki o nā transistors, akā no ka mea ʻaʻole pilikia hou nā hopena laina. I ka pōkole, ke ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka uea i ka hapaʻumi o ka nalu, pono ʻoe e noʻonoʻo i ka neʻe ʻana o ka pae ma kona lōʻihi i ka wā e hoʻolālā ai i ke kaapuni. Ma 2.4 GHz, ʻo ia hoʻi, hoʻokahi wale nō kenimika o ka uea i hoʻopilikia i kāu kaapuni; inā ʻoe e hoʻohui pū i nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa, he maʻi poʻo, akā inā ʻoe e kau i ke kaapuni ma kahi mau millimeters square, ʻaʻole ia he pilikia.
ʻO ka wānana ʻana i ka pau ʻana o ke kānāwai ʻo Moore, a i ʻole ka hōʻike ʻana i ka hewa ʻole o kēia mau wānana, ua lilo ia i kumuhana mau i ka nūpepa ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana. ʻO ka mea ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo Intel, Samsung, a me TSMC, nā mea hoʻokūkū ʻekolu e mau nei ma ke alo o ka pāʻani, e hoʻomau i ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona hou aʻe i kēlā me kēia micrometer square, a hoʻolālā e hoʻolauna i kekahi mau hanauna o nā chips i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia i ka wā e hiki mai ana. ʻOiai ʻaʻole i like ka nui o ka holomua i hana ʻia ma kēlā me kēia pae e like me ʻelua mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ke hoʻomau nei ka miniaturization o nā transistors.
Eia nō naʻe, no nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa, ʻike mākou ua hōʻea mākou i kahi palena kūlohelohe: ʻo ka hoʻoemi ʻana iā lākou ʻaʻole ia e hoʻomaikaʻi i kā lākou hana, a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi i kēia manawa ma mua o ka nui o nā hihia hoʻohana. Me he mea lā ʻaʻohe kānāwai o Moore no nā mea ʻokoʻa, akā inā loaʻa ke kānāwai o Moore, makemake mākou e ʻike i ka nui o ka mea e hiki ai i ke kanaka ke hoʻokau i ka hoʻokūkū SMD soldering.
Ua makemake mau au e kiʻi i ke kiʻi o kahi pale PTH aʻu i hoʻohana ai i ka makahiki 1970, a kau i kahi pale SMD ma luna, e like me kaʻu e hoʻololi nei i loko / i waho i kēia manawa. ʻO kaʻu pahuhopu ka hana ʻana i koʻu mau kaikunāne a me nā kaikuahine (ʻaʻohe o lākou he huahana uila) i ka nui o ka loli, me ka hiki iaʻu ke ʻike i nā ʻāpana o kaʻu hana, (ʻoiai e ʻoi aku ka ʻino o koʻu mau maka, ke piʻi nei koʻu mau lima i ka haʻalulu).
Makemake au e ʻōlelo, hui pū paha ʻaʻole. Ua inaina loa au i ka "hoʻomaikaʻi, e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi." I kekahi manawa, hana maikaʻi kāu hoʻolālā, akā ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa hou nā ʻāpana. He aha kēlā? . ʻO ka manaʻo maikaʻi kahi manaʻo maikaʻi, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka mālama ʻana e like me ia, ma mua o ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana me ke kumu ʻole. ʻO Gantt
"Ke mau nei ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo nā hui ʻekolu ʻo Intel, Samsung a me TSMC e hoʻokūkū mau ana i ka mua o kēia pāʻani, e ʻoki mau ana i nā hiʻohiʻona hou aku i kēlā me kēia micrometer square,"
Nui a pipiʻi nā mea uila. I ka makahiki 1971, he liʻiliʻi wale nō nā lekiō a ka ʻohana maʻamau, kahi stereo a me kahi TV. Ma ka makahiki 1976, ua puka mai nā kamepiula, nā helu helu, nā uaki kikohoʻe a me nā wati, he mau mea liʻiliʻi a maʻalahi no nā mea kūʻai.
ʻO kekahi mau miniaturization mai ka hoʻolālā. Hiki i nā amplifier hana ke hoʻohana i nā gyrators, hiki ke hoʻololi i nā inductors nui i kekahi mau hihia. Hoʻopau nā kānana hana i nā inductors.
Hoʻoikaika nā mea nui i nā mea ʻē aʻe: ka hoʻemi ʻana o ke kaapuni, ʻo ia hoʻi, e hoʻohana i nā mea liʻiliʻi loa e hana i ka hana kaapuni. I kēia lā, ʻaʻole mākou mālama nui. Pono e hoʻohuli i ka hōʻailona? E lawe i ka mea hoʻonui hana. Pono ʻoe i kahi mīkini mokuʻāina? E lawe i kahi mpu. etc. He li'ili'i maoli nā mea i kēia lā, akā he nui nā mea i loko. No laila, hoʻonui ka nui o kāu kaapuni a piʻi ka hoʻohana mana. ʻO kahi transistor i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻohuli i kahi hōʻailona e hoʻohana i ka mana liʻiliʻi e hoʻokō i ka hana like ma mua o kahi mea hoʻonui hana. Akā, eia hou, e mālama ka miniaturization i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mana. ʻO ia wale nō ka hele ʻana o ka hana hou ma kahi ʻano ʻokoʻa.
Ua poina maoli ʻoe i kekahi o nā pōmaikaʻi nui / kumu o ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka nui: hōʻemi ʻia nā parasitic package a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka mana (e like me ka counterintuitive).
Mai kahi hiʻohiʻona kūpono, i ka manawa e hiki ai ka nui hiʻona ma kahi o 0.25u, e hōʻea ʻoe i ka pae GHz, i ia manawa e hoʻomaka ai ka pūʻolo SOP nui e hana i ka hopena nui loa. ʻO nā uea hoʻopaʻa lōʻihi a me kēlā mau alakaʻi e pepehi iā ʻoe.
I kēia manawa, ua hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻia nā pūʻolo QFN/BGA ma ke ʻano o ka hana. Eia kekahi, ke kau ʻoe i ka pūʻolo palahalaha e like me kēia, e hoʻopau ʻoe me ka *ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hana wela a me nā pā i hōʻike ʻia.
Eia kekahi, ʻo Intel, Samsung, a me TSMC e pāʻani i kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi, akā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ASML ma kēia papa inoa. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole pili kēia i ka leo passive…
ʻAʻole ia e pili ana i ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā kumukūʻai silika ma o nā nodes kaʻina hana hou. ʻO nā mea ʻē aʻe, e like me nā ʻeke. Pono nā mea liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi a me ka wcsp a i ʻole ka liʻiliʻi. ʻO nā pūʻolo liʻiliʻi, nā PCB liʻiliʻi a i ʻole nā ​​modules, etc.
ʻIke pinepine au i kekahi mau huahana catalog, kahi wale nō ka mea hoʻokele ka hoʻemi ʻana i ke kumukūʻai. Ua like ka nui o MHz/memo, like ka hana SOC a me ka hoʻonohonoho pin. Hiki iā mākou ke hoʻohana i nā ʻenehana hou e hōʻemi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mana (ʻo ka mea maʻamau ʻaʻole manuahi kēia, no laila aia kekahi mau pono hoʻokūkū a nā mea kūʻai aku e mālama ai)
ʻO kekahi o nā mea maikaʻi o nā mea nui ka mea anti-radiation. ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o nā transistors liʻiliʻi i nā hopena o nā kukuna cosmic, i kēia kūlana koʻikoʻi. No ka laʻana, ma ke ākea a me nā mea nānā kiʻekiʻe.
ʻAʻole au i ʻike i ke kumu nui o ka hoʻonui wikiwiki. ʻO ka wikiwiki o ka hōʻailona ma kahi o 8 iniha no ka nanosecond. No laila, ma ka hoʻemi wale ʻana i ka nui, hiki i nā chips wikiwiki.
Makemake paha ʻoe e nānā i kāu makemakika ponoʻī ma ka helu ʻana i ka ʻokoʻa o ka lohi o ka hoʻolaha ʻana ma muli o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ʻeke a me nā pōʻai hoʻemi (1/frequency). ʻO ia ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka lohi/manawa o nā ʻāpana. E ʻike ʻoe ʻaʻole ia i hōʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he kumu hoʻopuni.
Hoʻokahi mea aʻu e makemake ai e hoʻohui, ʻo ka nui o nā IC, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hoʻolālā kahiko a me nā ʻāpana analog, ʻaʻole i hoʻohaʻahaʻa maoli ʻia, ma ka liʻiliʻi loa. Ma muli o ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana automated, ua liʻiliʻi nā pūʻolo, akā ʻo ia no ka mea maʻamau ka nui o nā wahi i loko o nā pūʻolo DIP, ʻaʻole no ka liʻiliʻi o nā transistors a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
Ma waho aʻe o ka pilikia o ka hoʻokō pono ʻana i ka robot e mālama pono i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi i nā noi koho-a-wahi kiʻekiʻe, ʻo kekahi pilikia ʻē aʻe ka hilinaʻi ʻana i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi. ʻOi loa inā makemake ʻoe i nā ʻāpana nui ma muli o nā koi mana / mana. Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka paʻi solder kūikawā, nā kumu hoʻopala paʻi solder step special (e hoʻopili i kahi ʻāpana solder paste i kahi e pono ai, akā e hāʻawi mau i ka nui o ka solder paste no nā ʻāpana nui) ua hoʻomaka e lilo i mea pipiʻi loa. No laila, manaʻo wau aia kahi pāpū, a ʻo ka miniaturization hou aʻe ma ka pae kaapuni he ala kumu kūʻai a hiki ke hiki. I kēia manawa, hiki iā ʻoe ke hana hou aku i ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka pae wafer silicon a hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka helu o nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa i ka liʻiliʻi loa.
E ʻike ʻoe i kēia ma kāu kelepona. Ma kahi o 1995, ua kūʻai au i kekahi mau kelepona paʻalima mua ma ke kūʻai hale kaʻa no kekahi mau kālā. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā IC ma loko o ka puka. ʻIke ʻia ka CPU a me NE570 compander, IC hiki ke hoʻohana hou ʻia.
A laila ua hoʻopau wau i kekahi mau kelepona paʻa lima hou. He ʻuʻuku loa nā ʻāpana a ʻaneʻane ʻaʻohe kamaʻāina. Ma kahi helu liʻiliʻi o nā IC, ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka density, akā ua ʻae ʻia kahi hoʻolālā hou (e ʻike iā SDR), kahi e hoʻopau ai i ka hapa nui o nā ʻāpana discrete i pono mua.
> (E noi i kahi liʻiliʻi o ka solder paste ma kahi e pono ai, akā e hāʻawi mau i ka nui o ka solder paste no nā mea nui)
ʻAe, ua noʻonoʻo wau i ka template "3D/Wave" e hoʻoponopono i kēia pilikia: ʻoi aku ka lahilahi ma kahi o nā mea liʻiliʻi loa, a ʻoi aku ka mānoanoa ma kahi o ke kaapuni mana.
I kēia mau lā, liʻiliʻi loa nā mea SMT, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i nā ʻāpana discrete maoli (ʻaʻole 74xx a me nā ʻōpala ʻē aʻe) e hoʻolālā i kāu CPU ponoʻī a paʻi ma ka PCB. E kāpīpī iā ia me ka LED, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i ka hana ʻana i ka manawa maoli.
I loko o nā makahiki, mahalo nui au i ka ulu wikiwiki ʻana o nā mea paʻakikī a me nā mea liʻiliʻi. Hāʻawi lākou i ka holomua nui, akā i ka manawa like lākou e hoʻohui i kahi pae hou o ka paʻakikī i ke kaʻina hana o ka prototyping.
ʻOi aku ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana a me ka simulation o nā kaapuni analog ma mua o ka mea āu e hana ai ma ka hale hana. Ke piʻi aʻe ka alapine o nā kaapuni kikohoʻe, lilo ka PCB i ʻāpana o ka ʻaha. No ka laʻana, nā hopena laina hoʻouna, hoʻopaneʻe hoʻolaha. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka hoʻolālā ʻana ma mua o ka hana ʻana i nā hoʻololi i loko o ka hale hana.
No nā mea hoʻokipa, loiloi. ʻO nā papa kaapuni a me nā modula kahi hopena no ka emi ʻana o nā ʻāpana a me nā modula hoʻāʻo mua.
E lilo paha kēia i mea "leʻaleʻa", akā manaʻo wau ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hana ʻana i kāu papahana no ka manawa mua ma muli o ka hana a i ʻole nā ​​​​leʻaleʻa.
Ke hoʻololi nei au i kekahi mau hoʻolālā mai loko o ka puka i SMD. Hana i nā huahana ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi, akā ʻaʻole leʻaleʻa ke kūkulu ʻana i nā prototypes me ka lima. Hoʻokahi hewa liʻiliʻi: "kahi like" pono e heluhelu ʻia ma ke ʻano he "pālaʻi like".
ʻAʻole. Ma hope o ka lanakila ʻana o kahi ʻōnaehana, huikau mau ka poʻe kālaihonua i kāna ʻike. ʻO wai ka mea ʻike, aia paha i ke kenekulia 23, e hoʻohana ka Planetary Alliance i kahi ʻōnaehana hou…
ʻAʻole hiki iaʻu ke ʻae hou aku. He aha ka nui o 0603? ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole paʻakikī ka mālama ʻana iā 0603 ma ke ʻano he imperial nui a "kāhea" i ka 0603 metric size 0604 (a i ʻole 0602) ʻaʻole paʻakikī loa, ʻoiai inā he hewa paha ia (ʻo ia hoʻi: ka nui hoʻohālikelike maoli-ʻaʻole pēlā). Koʻikoʻi), akā ma ka liʻiliʻi e ʻike nā mea a pau i ka ʻenehana āu e kamaʻilio nei (metric/imperial)!
"Ma ka ʻōlelo maʻamau, ʻaʻole e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mea passive e like me nā resistors, capacitors, a me nā inductors inā ʻoe e liʻiliʻi."