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Mahalo iā ʻoe no kou kipa ʻana iā Nature. ʻO ka polokalamu kele pūnaewele āu e hoʻohana nei he kākoʻo liʻiliʻi ia no CSS. No ka ʻike maikaʻi loa, paipai mākou e hoʻohana i kahi mana hou o ka polokalamu kele pūnaewele (a i ʻole e hoʻopau i ke ʻano hoʻohālikelike ma Internet Explorer). , e hōʻoia i ke kākoʻo mau ʻana, e hōʻike mākou i nā pūnaewele me ka ʻole o nā ʻano a me JavaScript.
Hiki i nā mea hoʻohui a me nā kaʻina paʻi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ke hoʻohui i nā ʻano uila uila e hoʻohana ana i ka mana a me ka mana ma luna o nā substrates maʻalahi ma ke kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa. nā mea hana.Passive nā ʻāpana-inductors, capacitors, a me nā resistors-e hana i nā hana e like me ke kānana, ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu pōkole, a me ke ana ʻana i ka uila, nā mea nui i ka uila uila a me nā noi ʻē aʻe he nui. resistors a me ka RLC kaapuni pale-i paʻi 'ia ma ka flexible plastic substrates, a hoike i ke kaʻina hana hoʻolālā e hōʻemi i ka moʻo kū'ē o inductors i hiki ke hoʻohana 'ia i ka mana uila . ʻo nā diodes māmā māmā a me nā ʻeke lithium-ion maʻalahi. Hoʻohana ʻia nā mea hoʻoponopono Voltage no ka mana i nā diodes mai ka pākaukau, e hōʻike ana i ka hiki ke paʻi ʻia nā ʻāpana passive e hoʻololi i nā ʻāpana mauna ʻili ma nā noi hoʻololi DC-DC.
I kēia mau makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻomohala ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā mea maʻalahi like ʻole i nā huahana uila a me nā wahi nui a me ka Internet of Things1,2. ʻO kēia nā mea e ʻohi ai i ka ikehu, e like me photovoltaic 3, piezoelectric 4, a me thermoelectric 5; nā mea hoʻopaʻa ikehu, e like me nā pā 6, 7; a me nā mea hoʻohana mana, e like me nā sensors 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, a me nā kumu kukui 13. ʻOiai ua holomua nui i nā kumu ikehu a me nā ukana, ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana i kēia mau ʻāpana i kahi ʻōnaehana uila piha e pono ai i ka uila uila. e lanakila i kekahi mismatch ma waena o ka mana lako a me nā koi ukana. No ka laʻana, hoʻohua ka pākaukau i ka volta hoʻololi e like me kona kūlana o ka uku. .Hoʻohana ka uila uila i nā mea hana (transistors) e hana i nā hana hoʻololi a me ka hoʻomalu, a me nā ʻāpana passive (inductors, capacitors, a me nā resistors). , Hoʻohana ʻia kahi capacitor e hōʻemi i ka ripple volta, a ua hana ʻia ke ana ʻana e pono ai no ka mana manaʻo me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka divider resistor.
Pono nā mea uila uila i kūpono i nā mea hiki ke hoʻohana (e like me ka pulse oximeter 9) e koi i nā volts a me nā milliamps, e hana maʻamau i ke alapine o nā haneli o kHz a i kekahi mau MHz, a koi i kekahi mau μH a me nā μH inductance a ʻO ka capacitance μF he 14. ʻO ke ʻano kuʻuna o ka hana ʻana i kēia mau kaapuni ʻo ke kūʻai ʻana i nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa i kahi papa kaapuni paʻi paʻi ʻia (PCB). waho, e ʻae ana i nā kaapuni maʻamau, a i ʻole no ka mea nui loa ka inductance a me ka capacitance e hoʻokō ʻia i loko o ke silika.
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka ʻenehana hana PCB maʻamau, ʻo ka hana ʻana o nā mea uila a me nā kaʻa ma o ke kaʻina paʻi additive he nui nā pōmaikaʻi ma ke ʻano o ka maʻalahi a me ke kumu kūʻai. a me nā pilina pili, paʻi hiki ke hana i nā ʻāpana he nui i ka manawa like, me ka liʻiliʻi o nā kaʻina hana a me ka liʻiliʻi o nā kumu waiwai 15. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kaʻina hana hoʻohui e hoʻololi i nā kaʻina subtractive e like me photolithography a me ka etching e hōʻemi hou i ka paʻakikī o ke kaʻina hana a me ka ʻōpala waiwai16, 17, 18, a me 19. Eia kekahi, ua kūpono nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i hoʻohana ʻia i ka paʻi ʻana me nā substrates plastik maʻalahi a me ka inexpensive, e ʻae ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kaʻina hana roll-to-roll kiʻekiʻe e uhi i nā mea uila 16, 20 ma luna o nā wahi nui. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻokō piha ʻia me nā ʻāpana i paʻi ʻia, ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā ʻano hybrid kahi i hoʻopili ʻia ai nā ʻāpana ʻenehana mauna luna (SMT) i nā substrates maʻalahi 21, 22, 23 ma hope o nā ʻāpana i paʻi ʻia ma nā mahana haʻahaʻa. pono e hoʻololi i nā mea SMT he nui me nā mea i paʻi ʻia e loaʻa ai nā pōmaikaʻi o nā kaʻina hana hou a hoʻonui i ka maʻalahi o ke kaapuni. nā ʻāpana, me ka manaʻo nui i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā inductors SMT nui me nā inductors planar spiral. ) a me ka wikiwiki paʻi kiʻekiʻe, ʻoiai ke uhi ʻana i nā wahi pae kenimika Pela nō i kekahi manawa. Material 24.
Pono e hoʻemi ʻia ka nalowale o nā ʻāpana passive o nā lako uila uila, no ka mea, pili pono ka pono o ke kaapuni i ka nui o ka ikehu e pono ai ka mana o ka ʻōnaehana. kū'ē. No laila, ʻoiai ua hana ʻia kekahi mau hana e hōʻemi i ke kūʻē 25, 26, 27, 28 o nā coils i paʻi ʻia, aia nō ka nele o nā ʻāpana passive paʻi kiʻekiʻe no ka mana uila. Hoʻolālā ʻia nā ʻāpana ma nā substrates hiki ke hana i nā kaapuni resonant no ka ʻike ʻana i ka lekiō (RFID) a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea e hōʻiliʻili ai i ka ikehu 10, 12, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31. ʻO nā mea ʻē aʻe e kālele ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea a i ʻole ka hana hana a hōʻike i nā ʻāpana maʻamau. 26, 32, 33, 34 ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia no nā noi kikoʻī. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā ʻāpana uila mana e like me nā regulators voltage i nā ʻāpana ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o nā mea paʻi paʻi maʻamau a ʻaʻole koi i ka resonance, no laila pono nā hoʻolālā ʻokoʻa.
Maʻaneʻi, hoʻolauna mākou i ka hoʻolālā a me ka optimization o nā inductors i paʻi ʻia i ka pale ma ka laulā μH e hoʻokō i ke kūpaʻa liʻiliʻi a me ka hana kiʻekiʻe ma nā alapine e pili ana i ka uila uila. ʻO ke kūpono o kēia mau ʻāpana no nā huahana uila maʻalahi i hōʻike mua ʻia i kahi kaapuni RLC maʻalahi. Hoʻohui ʻia ka inductor paʻi a me ka resistor me ka IC e hana i kahi mea hoʻoponopono hoʻoikaika. ) a ua hana ʻia kahi pākaukau lithium-ion maʻalahi, a ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi mea hoʻoponopono uila e mana i ka OLED mai ka pā.
I mea e hoʻolālā ai i nā inductors i paʻi ʻia no ka uila uila, ua wānana mua mākou i ka inductance a me ke kūpaʻa DC o kahi ʻano o nā geometries inductor e pili ana i ke kumu hoʻohālike pepa i manaʻo ʻia ma Mohan et al. 35, a me nā mea hoʻokomo i hana ʻia o nā geometries like ʻole e hōʻoia i ka pololei o ke kŘkohu. Ma kēia hana, ua koho ʻia kahi ʻano pōʻai no ka mea inductor no ka mea hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia kahi inductance kiʻekiʻe 36 me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me kahi geometry polygonal. ʻO ka mana o ka inika. Hoʻoholo ʻia ke ʻano a me ka helu o ka paʻi ʻana i ke kūʻē.
Hiki ke ho'ākāka 'ia ka inductance a me ke kū'ē DC o nā spiral inductors e kekahi mau palena: hana ana ke anawaena o waho, huli laula w a me spacing s, ka helu o ka huli n, a me ke ku'e pepa conductor Rsheet. Hō'ike ka Figure 1a i ke ki'i o ka inductor circular pa'i kilika. me n = 12, e hōʻike ana i nā ʻāpana geometric e hoʻoholo ai i kona inductance. E like me ke ʻano ammeter o Mohan et al. 35, ua helu ʻia ka inductance no ke ʻano o nā geometries inductor, kahi
(a) He kiʻi o ka inductor i paʻi ʻia i ka pale e hōʻike ana i nā ʻāpana geometric. ʻO ke anawaena he 3 cm. Inductance (b) a me DC resistance (c) o nā geometries inductor like ʻole. ʻO nā laina a me nā kaha e pili ana i nā helu helu ʻia a ana ʻia. (d,e) Ua pa'i 'ia nā pale DC o nā inductors L1 a me L2 me nā 'īnika kālā Dupont 5028 a me 5064H.
Ma nā alapine kiʻekiʻe, e hoʻololi ka hopena o ka ʻili a me ka capacitance parasitic i ke kū'ē a me ka inductance o ka inductor e like me kāna waiwai DC. me ke kū'ē mau i ka series.No laila, ma kēia hana, ua kālailai mākou i ka pilina ma waena o nā palena geometric, inductance, a me ke kū'ē DC, a hoʻohana i nā hualoaʻa no ka loaʻaʻana o ka inductance i hāʻawiʻia me ka DC liʻiliʻi loa.
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka inductance a me ke kūpaʻa no kahi ʻano o nā ʻāpana geometric i hiki ke ʻike ʻia e ka paʻi ʻana i ka pale, a ua manaʻo ʻia e hana ʻia ka inductance i ka laulā μH. ʻO nā anawaena o waho o 3 a me 5 cm, nā laina laina o 500 a me 1000 microns , a hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā huli like ʻole. Ma ka helu ʻana, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo 47 mΩ/□ ka pale ʻana o ka pepa, e pili ana i kahi 7 μm mānoanoa Dupont 5028 kala microflake conductor layer i pai ʻia me ka pale 400 mesh a me ka hoʻonohonoho w = s.The Hōʻike ʻia nā helu inductance a me ke kū'ē i ke kiʻi 1b a me c. Ua wānana ke kumu hoʻohālike i ka piʻi ʻana o ka inductance a me ke kūpaʻa e like me ka piʻi ʻana o ke anawaena o waho a me ka nui o nā huli, a i ʻole ke emi ʻana o ka laulā laina.
I mea e loiloi ai i ka pololei o nā wānana hoʻohālike, ua hana ʻia nā inductors o nā geometries like ʻole a me nā inductances ma luna o kahi substrate polyethylene terephthalate (PET). ka waiwai i manaʻo ʻia, ma muli o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka mānoanoa a me ke kūlike o ka inika i waiho ʻia, ua hōʻike ka inductance i ka ʻaelike maikaʻi loa me ke kumu hoʻohālike.
Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau hopena no ka hoʻolālā ʻana i kahi inductor me ka inductance i koi ʻia a me ka liʻiliʻi DC resistance.No ka laʻana, e manaʻo ʻia he inductance o 2 μH. o 500 μm, a me 10 huli. Hiki ke hana like ka inductance me ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka 5 knm anawaena o waho, 500 μm laina laula a me 5 huli 'ole 1000 μm laina laula a me 7 huli (e like me ka hoike ana ma ke kii). hiki i nā geometries i ka Figure 1c, hiki ke ʻike ʻia ʻo ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa o ka inductor 5 cm me ka laulā laina o 1000 μm he 34 Ω, ʻo ia ma kahi o 40% haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā mea ʻelua. me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i hōʻuluʻulu ʻia penei: ʻO ka mua, e koho i ke anawaena o waho e ʻae ʻia e like me nā palena ākea i kau ʻia e ka noi. (Equation (3)).
Ma ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka mānoanoa a i ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mea me ka conductivity kiʻekiʻe e hōʻemi i ka pale ʻana o ka pepa o ke kiʻi metala, hiki ke hoʻemi hou ʻia ke kūpaʻa DC me ka ʻole o ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka inductance. hana ʻia me nā helu ʻokoʻa o ka uhi no ka loiloi ʻana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kūʻē. I ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o nā ʻīnika inika, e emi ana ke kūpaʻa e like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma nā Kiʻi 1d a me e, ʻo ia nā inductors L1 a me L2, kēlā me kēia. hōʻike i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻāpana 6 o ka uhi ʻana, hiki ke hoʻemi ʻia ke kūpaʻa a hiki i 6 mau manawa, a ʻo ka hōʻemi kiʻekiʻe o ke kūpaʻa (50-65%) e kū ana ma waena o ka papa 1 a me ka papa 2. No ka mea he lahilahi kēlā me kēia ʻīnika, kahi. ʻO ka pale me ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi nui (400 mau laina no ka ʻīniha) i hoʻohana ʻia e paʻi i kēia mau inductors, kahi e hiki ai iā mākou ke aʻo i ka hopena o ka mānoanoa conductor ma ke kūpaʻa. hiki ke hoʻokō wikiwikiʻia ka mānoanoa like (a me ke kū'ēʻana) ma ka paʻiʻana i kahi helu liʻiliʻi o nā uhi me ka nui o ka mānoanoa nui. Hiki ke hoʻohanaʻia kēiaʻano no ka hoʻokōʻana i ke kū'ē DC like me ka 6-coated inductor i kūkākūkāʻia maʻaneʻi, akā me ka wikiwiki hana kiʻekiʻe.
Hōʻike pū ʻia nā kiʻi 1d a me e ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka inika flake kālā conductive DuPont 5064H, ua hoʻemi ʻia ke kūʻē ʻana ma kahi helu ʻelua. ʻike ʻia ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka inika 5028 ma muli o kona ʻano liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi a me ka nui o nā puka ma waena o nā mea i paʻi ʻia i ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni. kālā.ʻOiaiʻoi aku ka lahilahi o ke kiʻi i hanaʻia e kēia'īnika ma mua o ka'īnika 5028, me kahi papa hoʻokahi o 4 μm a me 6 mau papa o 22 μm, ua lawa ka piʻiʻana o ka conductivity e hōʻemi i ke kūpaʻa holoʻokoʻa.
ʻO ka mea hope loa, ʻoiai ʻo ka inductance (equation (1)) e pili ana i ka helu o nā huli (w + s), ʻo ke kū'ē (equation (5)) pili wale i ka laulā laina w. Hiki ke hoʻemi houʻia.ʻO nā mea hoʻokomo houʻelua L3 a me L4 ua hoʻolālāʻia e loaʻa i ka w = 2s a me ke anawaena o waho nui, e like me ka mea i hōʻikeʻia ma ka Papa 1. Ua hanaʻia kēia mau mea hoʻokomo me nā papa 6 o ka uhi DuPont 5064H, e like me ka mea i hōʻike muaʻia, e hāʻawi i ka ʻO ka inductance o L3 he 4.720 ± 0.002 μH aʻo ke kū'ēʻana he 4.9 ± 0.1 Ω,ʻoiaiʻo ka inductance o L4 he 7.839 ± 0.005 μH a me 6.9 ± 0.1 Ω, i kūpono i ka wānana. i ka mānoanoa, conductivity, a me w/s, 'o ia hoʻi, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka ratio L/R ma mua o kahi kauoha o ka nui e pili ana i ka waiwai ma ke Kiʻi 1.
ʻOiai ʻo ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa DC ke hoʻohiki nei, ʻo ka loiloi ʻana i ke kūpono o nā inductors no nā mea uila uila e hana ana i ka laulā kHz-MHz e pono ai ke ʻano ma nā alapine AC. , Ke kū'ē kū'ē e noho roughly mau ma kona DC waiwai, oiai ka reactance mahuahua linearly me ka alapine (frequency), 'o ia hoʻi, ua mau ka inductance e like me ka mea i manaoia. ʻO L3 he 35.6 ± 0.3 MHz a ʻo L4 he 24.3 ± 0.6 MHz. ʻO ka hilinaʻi pinepine o ka mea maikaʻi Q (e like me ωL/R) i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 2b.L3 a me L4 e loaʻa ai nā kumu maikaʻi loa o 35 ± 1 a me 33 ± 1 i nā alapine o 11 a me 16 MHz. ʻO ka inductance o kekahi mau μH a me ka Q kiʻekiʻe ma nā alapine MHz e lawa ai kēia mau inductors e hoʻololi i nā inductors ili-mauna maʻamau i nā mea hoʻololi DC-DC haʻahaʻa.
ʻO ke ana ʻana o ke kūpaʻa R a me ka reactance X (a) a me ke kumu maikaʻi Q (b) o nā inductors L3 a me L4 pili i ke alapine.
I mea e hōʻemi ai i ka footprint i koi ʻia no kahi capacitance i hāʻawi ʻia, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana capacitor me kahi capacitance kikoʻī nui, e like me ka dielectric mau ε puʻunaue i ka mānoanoa o ka dielectric. Ma kēia hana, koho mākou i ka barium titanate composite. e like me ka dielectric no ka mea he epsilon kiʻekiʻe kona ma mua o nā dielectrics organik i hoʻoponopono ʻia e ka hopena. , Hana ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ʻelua a ʻekolu mau ʻāpana o ka inika dielectric e mālama i ka hua maikaʻi. Hōʻike ka Figure 3b i kahi micrograph SEM cross-sectional o kahi capacitor ʻelele i hana ʻia me ʻelua papa o dielectric, me ka mānoanoa dielectric a pau o 21 μm. ʻO nā electrodes luna a lalo. he hoʻokahi-papa a me ʻeono-papa 5064H pākahi. ʻIke ʻia nā ʻāpana barium titanate ka nui o ka micron ma ke kiʻi SEM no ka mea ua hoʻopuni ʻia nā wahi ʻoi aku ka mālamalama e ka binder organik ʻeleʻele. kiʻi metala paʻi ʻia, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻi me ka hoʻonui kiʻekiʻe.
(a) He kiʻi o ka capacitor me ʻelima mau ʻāpana like ʻole. (b) Cross-sectional SEM micrograph o ka capacitor me ʻelua papa o dielectric, e hōʻike ana i ka barium titanate dielectric a me nā electrodes kālā. nā papa dielectric a me nā ʻāpana like ʻole, i ana ʻia ma 1 MHz. (d) ʻO ka pilina ma waena o ka capacitance, ESR, a me ka helu poho o kahi capacitor 2.25 cm2 me 2 papa o nā uhi dielectric a me ka pinepine.
Hoʻohālikelike ka capacitance i ka wahi i manaʻo ʻia. E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Figure 3c, ʻo ka capacitance kikoʻī o ka dielectric ʻelua-layer he 0.53 nF/cm2, a ʻo ka capacitance kikoʻī o ka dielectric ʻekolu-layer he 0.33 nF/cm2. Ua pili kēia mau waiwai i kahi dielectric mau o 13. capacitance a me dissipation kumu (DF) ua ana no hoi i okoa alapine, e like me ka hoike ana ma ka Figure 3d, no ka 2.25 cm2 capacitor me elua papa o ka dielectric.We ike i ka capacitance ua palahalaha ma ka alapine o ka hoihoi, e hoonui ana ma 20% mai ka 1 a hiki i ka 10 MHz, ʻoiai ma ka laulā like, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka DF mai 0,013 a 0,023. No ka mea, ʻo ka dissipation factor ka lākiō o ka nalowale o ka ikehu i ka ikehu i mālama ʻia i kēlā me kēia pōʻai AC, kahi DF o 0,02 ʻo ia ka 2% o ka mana i mālama ʻia. e ka capacitor ua pau. Ua hōʻike pinepine ʻia kēia poho e like me ke alapine-hilinaʻi equivalent series resistance (ESR) i hoʻopili ʻia i ka moʻo me ka capacitor, i like me DF/ωC. He haʻahaʻa ka ESR ma mua o 1.5 Ω, a no nā alapine i ʻoi aku ma mua o 4 MHz, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka ESR ma mua o 0.5 Ω. ʻOiai me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia ʻenehana capacitor, pono nā capacitors μF-class no nā mea hoʻololi DC-DC i kahi wahi nui loa, akā ʻo ka 100 pF- NF capacitance range a me ka emi haʻahaʻa o kēia mau capacitors e kūpono ia no nā noi ʻē aʻe, e like me nā kānana a me nā kaapuni resonant . Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano like ʻole e hoʻonui ai i ka capacitance. no ka laʻana, hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia kēia ma ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka manaʻo o ka barium titanate particles i ka inika. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kahi mānoanoa dielectric liʻiliʻi, ʻoiai pono kēia i kahi electrode lalo me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma mua o kahi flake kālā i paʻi ʻia e ka pale. Hiki ke waiho ʻia nā papa e ka paʻi inkjet 31 a i ʻole ka paʻi gravure 10, hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia me kahi kaʻina paʻi pale. ʻO ka hope, hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia a paʻi ʻia a hoʻopili ʻia nā ʻāpana like ʻole he nui o ka metala a me ka dielectric, a laila hoʻonui i ka capacitance 34 no kēlā me kēia wahi. .
Hoʻohana mau ʻia kahi mea hoʻokaʻawale uila i haku ʻia me nā pale pale e hana i ke ana ʻana i ka mana e pono ai no ka mana manaʻo o ka mea hoʻoponopono uila. liʻiliʻi nā mea hana. Eia, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ka pale pale o ka inika kalapona i paʻi ʻia i ka pale hoʻokahi he 900 Ω/□. ) me nā kū'ē nominal o 10 kΩ, 100 kΩ, a me 1.5 MΩ. Loaʻa ka kū'ē ma waena o nā waiwai nominal ma ka paʻi ʻana i ʻelua a ʻekolu mau papa o ka inika, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ka Figure 4, a me nā kiʻi o nā pale ʻekolu. Hana 8- 12 mau laʻana o kēlā me kēia ʻano; i nā hihia a pau,ʻo ka hoʻololi maʻamau o ke kū'ēʻana he 10% a iʻole ka liʻiliʻi.ʻO ka hoʻololi kū'ēʻana o nā hōʻailona meʻelua aʻekolu mau papa o ka uhiʻana e like me ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o nā mea hoʻohālike me hoʻokahi papa o ka uhi. a ʻo ka ʻaelike pili me ka waiwai nominal e hōʻike ana e hiki ke loaʻa pololei nā kū'ē ʻē aʻe i kēia pae ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka geometry resistor.
ʻEkolu mau ʻano geometries pale ʻokoʻa me nā helu like ʻole o nā uhi inika kalapona.
ʻO nā kaapuni RLC he mau hiʻohiʻona puke maʻamau o ka resistor, inductor, a me ka hui capacitor i hoʻohana ʻia e hōʻike a hōʻoia i ka ʻano o nā ʻāpana passive i hoʻohui ʻia i loko o nā kaapuni paʻi maoli. 25 kΩ resistor ua pili like me lakou. Ua hoikeia ke ki'i o ke kaapuni ma'alahi ma ka Figure 5a. 'O ke kumu o ke koho 'ana i keia hui 'ano-parallel kūikawā, 'o ia ka mea i ho'oholo 'ia kona 'ano e kela a me keia o na 'ano like 'ole 'ekolu. ʻO ka hana o kēlā me kēia mea hiki ke hoʻohālikelike a loiloi ʻia. E noʻonoʻo ana i ke kūpaʻa 7 Ω o ka inductor a me ka 1.3 Ω ESR o ka capacitor, ua helu ʻia ka pane alapine i manaʻo ʻia o ke kaapuni. Hōʻike ʻia ka amplitude impedance a me ka pae a me nā waiwai i ana i nā kiʻi 5c a me d. Ma nā alapine haʻahaʻa, ʻo ka impedance kiʻekiʻe o ka capacitor ʻo ia ka mea e hoʻoholo ʻia ka hana o ke kaapuni e ka resistor 25 kΩ. emi ke ala LC; capacitive ka hana kaapuni holoʻokoʻa a hiki i ka 2.0 MHz ke alapine resonant. Ma luna aʻe o ke alapine resonance, ʻoi aku ka impedance inductive. Hōʻike maopopo ke kiʻi 5 i ka ʻaelike maikaʻi loa ma waena o nā helu i helu ʻia a ana ʻia ma ka laulā holoʻokoʻa holoʻokoʻa. ma ʻaneʻi (kahi o nā inductors a me nā capacitors nā ʻāpana kūpono me ke kūpaʻa series) pololei no ka wānana ʻana i ka hana kaapuni ma kēia mau alapine.
(a) He kiʻi o kahi kaapuni RLC i paʻi ʻia i ka pale e hoʻohana ana i ka hui pū ʻana o kahi inductor 8 μH a me kahi capacitor 0.8 nF i like me ka resistor 25 kΩ. ,d) Ka amplitude impedance (c) a me ka māhele (d) o ke kaapuni.
ʻO ka mea hope loa, ua hoʻokō ʻia nā inductors a me nā resistors i paʻi ʻia i loko o ka mea hoʻolale hoʻonui. ʻO ka IC i hoʻohana ʻia i kēia hōʻikeʻike ʻo Microchip MCP1640B14, ʻo ia ka PWM-based synchronous boost regulator me kahi alapine hana o 500 kHz. Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo 4.7 μH inductor a me ʻelua capacitors (4.7 μF a me 10 μF) ma ke ʻano he mea mālama i ka ikehu, a ua hoʻohana ʻia kekahi mau pale pale e ana i ka volta puka o ka mana manaʻo. Hana ʻia ke kaapuni ma ka PCB, a ua ana ʻia kāna hana i loko o ke kūpaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ke ʻano o ka voltage input o 3 a 4 V e hoʻohālikelike i ka pā lithium-ion i nā mokuʻāina ʻē aʻe. ka pono o SMT inductors a resistors.SMT capacitors ua hoʻohana 'ia i na hihia a pau no ka mea, o ka capacitance i koi 'ia no keia palapala noi ua nui loa ia e hoʻopau me ka pai capacitors.
(a) Diagram of voltage stabilizing circuit.(b–d) (b) Vout, (c) Vsw, and (d) Nā ʻano hawewe o ke au e kahe ana i loko o ka inductor, ʻo 4.0 V ka uila hoʻokomo, 1 kΩ ke kūpaʻa haawe, a ua hoʻohana ʻia ka inductor i paʻi ʻia no ke ana. ) Ka lākiō pono o ka mauna ili a me ke kaapuni pai i hōʻike ʻia ma (e).
No ka 4.0 V input voltage a me 1000 Ω hoʻouka kū'ē, nā nalu i anaʻia me ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā inductors i paʻiʻia e hōʻikeʻia ma ka Figure 6b-d. Hōʻike ka 6c i ka voltage ma ka Vsw terminal o ka IC; ʻO ka voltage inductor ʻo Vin-Vsw. Hōʻike ka 6d i ke kahe o kēia manawa i ka inductor. ʻO ka maikaʻi o ke kaapuni me SMT a me nā mea i paʻi ʻia e hōʻike ʻia ma ka Figure 6e ma ke ʻano he hana o ka volta komo a me ke kūpaʻa ukana, a ʻo ka Figure 6f e hōʻike i ka lakio pono. ʻO nā mea i paʻi ʻia i nā ʻāpana SMT. ʻO ka maikaʻi i ana ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻāpana SMT ua like ia me ka waiwai i manaʻo ʻia i hāʻawi ʻia i ka pepa ʻikepili o ka mea hana 14. Ma ke kiʻekiʻe hoʻokomo o kēia manawa (ke haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa), ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka pono o nā inductors i paʻi ʻia ma mua o ka mea o SMT inductors ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe moʻo kū'ē. Akā naʻe, me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻokomo uila a me ka kiʻekiʻe puka puka o keia manawa, kū'ē lilo lilo emi nui, a me ka hana ana o paʻi inductors hoʻomaka e hoʻokokoke i SMT inductors.No ka ukana resistances>500 Ω a me Vin = 4.0 V a i ʻole > 750 Ω a me Vin = 3.5 V, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā inductors paʻi ma mua o 85% o nā inductors SMT.
ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka nalu o kēia manawa i ka Figure 6d me ka nalowale o ka mana i ana ʻia e hōʻike ana i ka nalowale o ke kū'ē ʻana i ka inductor ke kumu nui o ka ʻokoʻa o ka pono ma waena o ke kaapuni i paʻi ʻia a me ke kaapuni SMT, e like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia. ʻO ka uila hoʻokomo a me ka 1000 Ω hoʻouka kū'ē he 30.4 mW a me 25.8 mW no nā kaapuni me nā mea SMT, a me 33.1 mW a me 25.2 mW no nā kaapuni me nā mea paʻi. kaapuni me nā mea SMT. ʻO ka RMS inductor au i helu ʻia mai ka nalu ma ke Kiʻi 6d he 25.6 mA. No ka mea, ʻo 4.9 Ω kona kūpaʻa moʻo, ʻo 3.2 mW ka mana i manaʻo ʻia. ʻO kēia ka 96% o ka ʻokoʻa mana 3.4 mW DC i ana ʻia. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka ʻokoʻa maikaʻi ma waena o lākou.
A laila, hana ʻia ka mea hoʻoponopono voltage ma ka PCB maʻalahi (hōʻike ʻia ka paʻi ʻana o ke kaapuni a me ka hana ʻāpana SMT ma ke Kiʻi S1 Kākoʻo) a hoʻopili ʻia ma waena o ka pākaukau lithium-ion maʻalahi e like me ke kumu mana a me ka array OLED e like me ka ukana. Wahi a Lochner et al. 9 No ka hana ʻana i nā OLED, hoʻopau kēlā me kēia pika OLED i ka 0.6 mA ma 5 V. Hoʻohana ka pākaukau i ka lithium cobalt oxide a me ka graphite e like me ka cathode a me ka anode, kēlā me kēia, a ua hana ʻia e ka uhi ʻana o ke kauka, ʻo ia ke ʻano o ka paʻi ʻana i ka pākaukau. ʻO 16mAh ka nui o ka pākaukau, a ʻo ka volta i ka wā o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana he 4.0V. Hōʻike ka Figure 7 i ke kiʻi o ke kaapuni ma ka PCB maʻalahi, e hoʻohana ana i ʻekolu mau pika OLED i hoʻopili like ʻia. nā mea maʻalahi a me nā mea olaola e hana i nā ʻōnaehana uila paʻakikī.
He kiʻi o ke kaʻapuni hoʻoponopono voltage ma kahi PCB maʻalahi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā inductors paʻi a me nā mea pale, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pākaukau lithium-ion hiki ke hoʻohana i ʻekolu mau LED organik.
Ua hōʻike mākou i nā inductors i paʻi ʻia i ka pale, nā capacitors a me nā resistors me ka nui o nā waiwai ma nā substrates PET flexible, me ka pahuhopu o ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā ʻāpana mauna ʻili i nā lako uila mana. , a me ka lākiō laula laula laula, a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi papa mānoanoa o ka ʻīnika kūʻokoʻa haʻahaʻa. hoihoi i ka uila uila.
ʻO nā mea hoʻohana maʻamau no nā mea uila uila hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia a i ʻole nā ​​​​huahana i hoʻohui ʻia i nā ʻōnaehana uila maʻalahi, e hoʻohana ʻia e nā ʻenekini hiki ke hoʻihoʻi hou ʻia (e like me ka lithium-ion), hiki ke hoʻohua i nā voltage ʻokoʻa e like me ke kūlana o ka uku. nā mea uila uila) koi i ka volta mau a i ʻole ke kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka puka ʻana o ka volta e ka pākaukau, pono ka mea hoʻoponopono voli. o ka 5 V mai ka hoʻolako ʻana i ka mana o ka pā uila. I loko o kekahi ʻano o ka ukana o kēia manawa a me ka uila hoʻokomo, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kēia kaapuni ma mua o 85% o ka pono o kahi kaapuni mana e hoʻohana ana i nā inductors mauna a me nā resistors. ʻO nā poho resistive i loko o ka inductor ka mea i kaupalena ʻia no ka hana kaapuni ma nā pae kiʻekiʻe o kēia manawa (ka hoʻokomo i kēia manawa ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o 10 mA). o ka IC. No ka nui o na mea pa'i a me na mea olaola e koi aku i na auwau haahaa, e like me na OLED liilii i hoohanaia ma ko makou hoikeike, hiki ke manaoia na mea hoohuoi mana pa'i i kupono no ia mau noi. hiki ke hoʻokō i ka ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka mīkini hoʻololi holoʻokoʻa.
Ma kēia hana, ua kūkulu ʻia ka mea hoʻoponopono uila ma ka PCB kuʻuna, PCB hikiwawe a me ka ʻenehana hoʻoheheʻe ʻia o ka mauna, ʻoiai ua hana ʻia ka mea i paʻi ʻia ma kahi substrate ʻokoʻa. paʻi nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni e ae passive 'āpana, a me ka interconnection ma waena o ka mea a me ka ili mauna mauna huila pads, e paʻi ma luna o kekahi substrate.This, hui me ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka haʻahaʻa-mehana conductive adhesives no ka ili mauna mea, e ae. ke kaapuni holoʻokoʻa e kūkulu ʻia ma luna o nā substrates inexpensive (e like me PET) me ka ʻole o nā kaʻina subtractive e like me ka PCB etching. me nā mea uila mana kiʻekiʻe, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā substrates inexpensive, ka nui o nā kaʻina hoʻohui a me ka liʻiliʻi ʻO ka helu o nā ʻāpana mauna ili.
Ke hoʻohana nei i ka mīkini paʻi kiʻi Asys ASP01M a me ka pale kila kila i hāʻawi ʻia e Dynamesh Inc., ua paʻi ʻia nā papa āpau o nā mea passive ma kahi substrate PET maʻalahi me ka mānoanoa o 76 μm. ʻO ka nui mesh o ka papa metala he 400 mau laina no ka ʻīniha a me 250. laina no ka 'īniha no ka papa dielectric a me ka papa kū'ē. E hoʻohana i ka ikaika squeegee o 55 N, ka wikiwiki paʻi o 60 mm / s, kahi mamao haʻihaʻi o 1.5 mm, a me kahi squeegee Serilor me ka paʻakikī o 65 (no ka metala a me ka resistive. nā papa) a i ʻole 75 (no nā papa dielectric) no ka paʻi pale.
ʻO nā papa conductive-ʻo nā mea hoʻokomo a me nā pilina o nā capacitors a me nā mea pale - ua paʻi ʻia me DuPont 5082 a i ʻole DuPont 5064H kala microflake ink. Ua paʻi ʻia ka resistor me DuPont 7082 carbon conductor. No ka dielectric capacitor, ka hui conductive BT-101 barium titanate dielectric Hoʻohana ʻia kēlā me kēia papa o ka dielectric me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi pōʻai paʻi ʻelua-pass (wet-wet) e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka like ʻole o ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni. ua maloʻo nā uhi he nui o ka mea like ma 70 °C no 2 mau minuke ma waena o nā uhi. Hoʻohana ʻia ka mīkini paʻi e hoʻoponopono i nā papa ma hope. Loaʻa ka pilina me ke kikowaena o ka inductor ma ke ʻoki ʻana i kahi puka ma ka papa waena a me ka stencil paʻi ʻana ma ke kua o ka substrate me ka DuPont 5064H inika. 5064H stencil printing. No ka hōʻikeʻana i nā mea i paʻiʻia a me nā mea SMT ma ka PCB maʻalahi i hōʻikeʻia ma ka Figure 7, ua hoʻohuiʻia nā mea i paʻiʻia me ka Circuit Works CW2400 conductive epoxy, a ua hoʻohuiʻia nā mea SMT e ke kuʻuna kuʻuna.
Hoʻohana ʻia ka lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) a me ka graphite-based electrodes e like me ka cathode a me ka anode o ka pākaukau, kēlā me kēia. % kalapona ʻeleʻele (Super P, Timcal) a me 10% polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF, Kureha Corp.). ) ʻO ka anode kahi hui o 84wt% graphite, 4wt% carbon black a me 13wt% PVDF.N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP, Sigma Aldrich) i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻopau i ka PVDF binder a hoʻopuehu i ka slurry. Ua homogenized ka slurry e. e hoʻouluulu me ka vortex mixer i ka pō.A 0.0005 iniha mānoanoa kuhiliʻole kila foil a me ka 10 μm nickel foil ua hoʻohana 'ia e like me kēia manawa ohi no ka cathode a me anode, pakahi. mm / s. E wela i ka electrode i loko o ka umu ma 80 ° C no nā hola 2 e wehe i ka solvent. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka electrode ma hope o ka maloʻo ʻana ma kahi o 60 μm, a ma muli o ke kaumaha o ka mea hana, ʻo ka mana theoretical he 1.65 mAh. /cm2. Uaʻokiʻia nā electrodes i nā ana o 1.3 × 1.3 cm2 a hoʻomehanaʻia i loko o ka umu wela ma 140 ° C i ka pō, a laila ua hoʻopaʻaʻia lākou me nāʻeke laminate alumini i loko o ka pahu lima lima piha i ka nitrogen. anode a me ka cathode a me 1M LiPF6 ma EC/DEC (1:1) i hoʻohana ʻia e like me ka electrolyte pākahiko.
ʻO ka'ōmaʻomaʻo OLED he poly (9,9-dioctylfluorene-co-n- (4-butylphenyl) -diphenylamine) (TFB) a me ka poly ((9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7- (2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-). 4, 8-diyl)) (F8BT) e like me ke kaʻina hana i hōʻike ʻia ma Lochner et al.
E hoʻohana i ka profiler stylus Dektak e ana i ka mānoanoa kiʻiʻoniʻoni. Ua ʻoki ʻia ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni e hoʻomākaukau i kahi laʻana cross-sectional no ka hoʻokolokolo ʻana ma ka nānā ʻana i ka microscopy electron (SEM). kiʻiʻoniʻoni a hōʻoia i ke ana mānoanoa. Ua mālama ʻia ke aʻo ʻana SEM ma kahi uila wikiwiki o 20 keV a me kahi mamao hana maʻamau o 10 mm.
E hoʻohana i ka multimeter kikohoʻe no ke ana ʻana i ke kūpaʻa DC, ka uila a me ke au. Hoʻohana ʻia ka impedance AC o nā inductors, capacitors a me nā kaapuni me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mika Agilent E4980 LCR no nā alapine ma lalo o 1 MHz a me Agilent E5061A mea hoʻohana pūnaewele no ke ana ʻana i nā alapine ma luna o 500 kHz. ʻO Tektronix TDS 5034 oscilloscope e ana i ke ʻano o ka hawewe uila.
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